28 GRE文法精要

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威威老師的文法特快車：GRE文法精要 (Advanced Grammar for GRE)

課程導航

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哈囉各位同學！我是威威老師。

恭喜你來到文法特快車的最終站！

28 章一路走來——從五大句型到分詞構句，從假設語氣到倒裝——你已經掌握英文文法 95% 的內容。

但 GRE 不是學測——它長句更長、結構更複雜、陷阱更深！這一章是「最後 5%」——專門攻 GRE 的：

  • 長難句分析（GRE 閱讀的命門）
  • 進階假設語氣 + 倒裝
  • 平行結構（GRE 寫作的痛點）
  • 分詞構句進階應用（獨立主格）
  • GRE Analytical Writing 文法自檢清單

繫好安全帶，這是文法特快車的終點站🚂🏁

課前快問 (Pre-Quiz) — GRE 級難度

綜合前面所有文法，看看你的掌握程度！

1. Had the researchers controlled for confounding variables, the results ______ more reliable. (A) will be (B) would be (C) would have been (D) should be

2. Not until the data were published ______ the extent of the environmental damage. (A) the public realized (B) did the public realize (C) the public did realize (D) realized the public

3. The professor demanded that every student ______ the final report by Friday. (A) submits (B) submit (C) submitted (D) will submit

一、GRE 文法的核心挑戰

GRE 不出「文法選擇題」——但文法能力在兩個部分至關重要：

1-1 閱讀理解 (Reading Comprehension)

GRE 文章充滿長難句——一個句子可能包含：

  • 多層子句嵌套
  • 倒裝結構
  • 省略結構
  • 分詞構句
  • 插入語

如果你不能快速拆解句構，就無法理解句意。

1-2 分析寫作 (Analytical Writing)

GRE 寫作要求語法精確——評分標準明確要求：

  • 句子結構多樣
  • 無文法錯誤
  • 邏輯表達清晰
  • 平行結構正確

💡 GRE 文法核心三能力：

  1. 長難句分析 — 快速找主詞動詞，拆解子句層次
  2. 進階句構 — 假設語氣、倒裝、平行結構、獨立主格
  3. 寫作精確性 — 避免 dangling modifier、comma splice 等錯誤

二、長難句分析技巧

2-1 三步拆解法

Step 1：找主詞和動詞
  ├── 忽略所有修飾語（介系詞片語、形容詞子句、分詞片語、副詞）
  └── 鎖定每個子句的「主詞 + 動詞」

Step 2：識別子句層次
  ├── 主要子句（核心）
  ├── 副詞子句（時間、條件、原因、讓步）
  ├── 形容詞子句（修飾名詞）
  ├── 分詞片語（精簡修飾）
  └── 同位語（補充說明名詞）

Step 3：用「一句話」總結核心
  └── 「先抓主幹，再填枝葉」

2-2 GRE 長難句拆解範例

例句： “The discovery that the universe is expanding at an accelerating rate, a finding that challenged decades of assumptions about cosmic evolution, has forced physicists to reconsider fundamental theories.”

拆解：

層次結構分析
主要子句The discovery has forced physicists to reconsider fundamental theories.S: discovery / V: has forced
同位語子句that the universe is expanding at an accelerating rate補充說明 discovery
同位語a finding that challenged decades of assumptions補充說明前面整個發現
形容詞子句that challenged decades of assumptions修飾 finding

句意： 「宇宙正在加速膨脹」這個發現——這個挑戰了數十年來宇宙演化假設的發現——已經迫使物理學家重新考慮基本理論。

🎯 長難句分析即時練習（5 題）

1. Identify the main subject/verb in: “Although it has been argued that the policy disproportionately affects low-income communities, proponents maintain that its long-term economic benefits justify the short-term costs.”

2. Identify the main verb in: “Rarely, if ever, has a single technological innovation so thoroughly transformed not only the manner in which information is disseminated but also the very nature of human interaction as has the advent of the Internet.”

3. What is the function of “a claim substantiated by decades of empirical evidence” in: “The theory remains controversial, a claim substantiated by decades of empirical evidence.” (A) Adjective clause modifying “theory” (B) Appositive restating preceding idea (C) Main clause (D) Adverbial clause

4. Identify the subject in: “Only after rigorous peer review, conducted by a panel of independent experts, were the findings accepted by the scientific community.”

5. What is inverted in: “So entrenched was the belief that few scholars thought to question it.”

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解答與詳解

三、進階假設語氣

3-1 Be-Subjunctive（命令假設）

表達建議/要求/命令/堅持的動詞/形容詞後 → that 子句用 (should) + 原形 V

動詞形容詞名詞
suggestessentialsuggestion
recommendimportantrecommendation
insistcrucialinsistence
demandnecessarydemand
requireimperativerequirement
proposevitalproposal
orderurgentorder
mandateobligatorymandate

例：

  • The committee recommended that the proposal (should) be revised.
  • It is imperative that every participant (should) submit the form by Monday.
  • Her suggestion that the policy (should) undergo review was well received.

3-2 Were-Subjunctive（與事實相反）

在正式英語中，假設語氣的 be 動詞一律用 were（不分人稱）！

  • If I were you, I would accept the offer.
  • He acts as if he were the boss.

3-3 假設語氣的倒裝

原句倒裝
If I were you…Were I you…
If I had known…Had I known…
If she should arrive…Should she arrive…

3-4 高頻：Had it not been for / Were it not for

結構=用法
Had it not been for + NIf it hadn’t been for + N與過去事實相反
Were it not for + NIf it were not for + N與現在事實相反

例：

  • Had it not been for the scholarship, I could not have attended college.
  • Were it not for his support, I would give up.

🎯 進階假設語氣即時練習（5 題）

1. Choose: ______ the government to impose such regulations, many businesses would be forced to close. (A) If (B) Were (C) Had (D) Should

2. Choose: ______ it not been for the timely intervention, the project would have failed entirely. (A) Were (B) Had (C) If (D) Should

3. Choose: The board insisted that the CEO ______ a public statement immediately. (A) makes (B) make (C) made (D) would make

4. Choose: It is essential that he ______ the meeting on time. (A) attends (B) attend (C) attended (D) will attend

5. Translate: 「要不是你的幫助，我早就放棄了。」(Use Had it not been for)

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解答與詳解

四、進階倒裝結構

4-1 否定詞前置倒裝

否定詞例句
NeverNever have I encountered such arrogance.
RarelyRarely does an opportunity like this arise.
SeldomSeldom has a theory been so thoroughly debunked.
HardlyHardly had she finished speaking when the audience erupted.
ScarcelyScarcely had the results been announced before controversy ensued.
LittleLittle did they realize the consequences.
Not onlyNot only did the policy fail, but it also exacerbated the problem.
No soonerNo sooner had the law been enacted than challenges emerged.

4-2 Only + 副詞片語 / 子句倒裝

結構例句
Only thenOnly then did she understand.
Only afterOnly after the data were analyzed could a conclusion be drawn.
Only whenOnly when all variables are controlled can the experiment yield valid results.
Only byOnly by examining the primary sources can we verify the claim.

4-3 So / Such 句首倒裝

結構例句
So + adj + be + SSo impressed was she that she immediately wrote a review.
Such + be + SSuch was his reputation that colleagues deferred to his judgment.
So + adv + aux + SSo rapidly did the situation deteriorate that emergency measures were enacted.

🎯 進階倒裝即時練習（5 題）

1. Choose: Scarcely ______ the lecture begun when a fire alarm disrupted the proceedings. (A) the professor had (B) had the professor (C) the professor has (D) has the professor

2. Choose: ______ she to accept the position, she would face numerous challenges. (A) Were (B) Had (C) If (D) Should

3. Choose: Only by working together ______ this crisis. (A) we can solve (B) can we solve (C) we solve (D) solving we

4. Choose: So ______ that the camera couldn’t capture him. (A) fast he ran (B) did he run fast (C) fast did he run (D) he ran fast

5. Choose: Little ______ that her decision would change everything. (A) she knew (B) did she know (C) knew she (D) she did know

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解答與詳解

五、平行結構 (Parallelism) — GRE 寫作命脈

5-1 基本規則

X, Y, and Z 的詞性、時態、結構必須一致！

對 ✓錯 ✗
swimming, running, and hikingswimming, running, and to hike
to swim, to run, and to hiketo swim, running, and hike
that A, that B, and that Cthat A, B, and that C

5-2 對等連接詞的平行

連接詞規則
not only A but also BA 和 B 結構一致
either A or BA 和 B 結構一致
both A and BA 和 B 結構一致
neither A nor BA 和 B 結構一致
whether A or BA 和 B 結構一致
rather than前後結構一致

5-3 經典平行錯誤對比

錯 ❌對 ✓
The study aims to collect, analyzing, and publish data.The study aims to collect, analyze, and publish data.
She is known for intelligence, creativity, and because she is dedicated.She is known for intelligence, creativity, and dedication.
The policy not only affects the economy but also it has social implications.The policy not only affects the economy but also has social implications.
The report is thorough, accurate, and it is well-written.The report is thorough, accurate, and well-written.

🎯 平行結構即時練習（5 題）

1. Choose: Which sentence has correct parallelism? (A) The experiment was designed to test, to verify, and validating the hypothesis. (B) The experiment was designed to test, verify, and validate the hypothesis. (C) The experiment was designed to testing, verifying, and validate the hypothesis. (D) The experiment was designed for testing, to verify, and validating the hypothesis.

2. Choose: The new policy aims to reduce emissions, promoting sustainability, and ______. (A) the improvement of public health (B) improve public health (C) improving public health (D) to improving public health

3. Find error: “She is admired not only for her intellect but also she is creative.”

4. Choose: The study examines whether the phenomenon is caused by genetic factors, environmental influences, or ______. (A) they interact (B) an interaction between the two (C) interacting (D) the interaction of them

5. Find error: “The author’s argument is persuasive, well-researched, and it is logical.”

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解答與詳解

六、分詞構句進階：獨立主格 (Nominative Absolute)

6-1 結構

分詞構句的邏輯主詞通常和主要子句相同。但如果分詞有自己的主詞 → 獨立主格！

[名詞 + 分詞], 主要子句.

6-2 經典範例

獨立主格還原
Weather permitting, we’ll go hiking tomorrow.If the weather permits…
All things considered, the outcome was positive.If all things are considered…
There being no further business, the meeting was adjourned.Since there was no further business…
The meeting over, everyone left the room.When the meeting was over…
The sun having set, the temperature dropped.After the sun had set…
His work completed, he went home early.After his work was completed…

6-3 With + N + V-ing/V-pp/adj/prep（GRE 高頻！）

結構例句
with + N + V-ingWith prices rising steadily, consumers are cautious.
with + N + V-ppWith the report submitted, the team relaxed.
with + N + adjWith the door open, we heard the music.
with + N + prepWith a map in hand, she navigated the city.

6-4 獨立主格 vs. 一般分詞構句

一般分詞構句獨立主格
邏輯主詞與主子句相同有自己的主詞
結構V-ing / V-pp, S + VN + V-ing / V-pp, S + V
例句Walking to school, I saw a dog.The rain having stopped, we went out.

🎯 獨立主格即時練習（5 題）

1. Choose: ______, the committee adjourned the meeting early. (A) The agenda being completed (B) Completed the agenda (C) Being completed the agenda (D) The agenda completing

2. Choose: ______ all variables into account, the researchers concluded that the initial hypothesis was flawed. (A) Taking (B) Taken (C) Having taken (D) Being taken

3. Find error: “The experiment ______, the scientists proceeded to the next phase.” (A) completing (B) completed (C) having completed (D) was completed

4. Choose: With the deadline ______, the team worked through the night. (A) approach (B) approached (C) approaching (D) to approaching

5. Translate: 「天氣允許的話，我們明天去爬山。」(Use Weather permitting)

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解答與詳解

七、GRE 寫作常見文法錯誤

7-1 Dangling Modifier（懸垂修飾語）

錯 ❌對 ✓
Walking through the park, the trees looked beautiful.Walking through the park, I noticed that the trees looked beautiful.
Having finished the exam, the bell rang.Having finished the exam, I heard the bell ring.

7-2 Comma Splice（逗號連接兩個獨立子句）

錯 ❌對 ✓
The data are compelling, they support the hypothesis.The data are compelling**;** they support the hypothesis.
The data are compelling**, and** they support the hypothesis.
The data are compelling. They support the hypothesis.

7-3 主詞動詞一致（複雜句）

錯 ❌對 ✓
The set of experiments that were conducted last year show inconsistent results.The set of experiments that were conducted last year shows inconsistent results.

主詞是 the set（單數），不是 experiments！

7-4 代名詞指代模糊

錯 ❌對 ✓
When the teacher spoke with the student, she seemed nervous.（she = 誰？）When the teacher spoke with the student, the student seemed nervous.

7-5 不必要的時態切換

錯 ❌對 ✓
The author argues that climate change was a pressing issue and urged immediate action.The author argues that climate change is a pressing issue and urges immediate action.

🎯 GRE 寫作錯誤即時練習（5 題）

1. What error: “The data supports the hypothesis, it validates years of research.” (A) Subject-verb agreement (B) Comma splice (C) Dangling modifier (D) Tense shifting

2. What error: “The professor explained the theory to the student, but they seemed confused.” (A) Pronoun reference ambiguity (B) Comma splice (C) Parallelism (D) Dangling modifier

3. Choose: Which is grammatically correct? (A) The economy of Japan is larger than China. (B) The economy of Japan is larger than that of China. (C) Japan’s economy is larger than China. (D) Japan’s economy is more large than China’s.

4. Find error: “Reading the novel, the story was thrilling.”

5. Choose: Which sentence avoids all errors? (A) Having completed the analysis, the results were published. (B) The researcher, along with her colleagues, have submitted the paper. (C) The author argues that education, not wealth alone, determines social mobility. (D) The number of participants are insufficient.

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解答與詳解

八、GRE Analytical Writing 文法自檢清單

寫完 GRE 作文後，用這個 10 點清單逐項檢查：

#檢查項目自問
1主詞動詞一致每個子句 S/V 單複數一致？被介系詞片語干擾了嗎？
2時態一致性同段落時態一致？沒有不必要的時態跳轉？
3代名詞指代每個 it/they/she/he/this/that 指代明確？
4平行結構X and Y / not only…but also / either…or 結構平行？
5分詞構句邏輯主詞和主子句一致？沒有 dangling modifier？
6逗號使用沒有 comma splice？逗號正確分隔插入語？
7比較結構比較對象一致？沒有 “the economy of A is larger than B”？
8冠詞使用a/an/the 用法正確？可數/不可數搭配恰當？
9介系詞搭配動詞和介系詞搭配對？(result in vs. result from)
10句子長度變化混合簡單句、複合句、複雜句？沒有過長過碎？

章末總測驗 (Chapter Test) — 30 題

🟢 基礎題 (1-10)：長難句基礎分析

1. In: “That the policy has been effective is beyond dispute,” the main subject is: (A) the policy (B) effective (C) That the policy has been effective (D) dispute

2. Identify the function of “a finding that challenged decades of assumptions” in: “The discovery, a finding that challenged decades of assumptions, has forced reconsideration.” (A) Adverbial clause (B) Appositive (C) Main clause (D) Subject

3. What is the main verb in: “Only after rigorous peer review were the findings accepted.” (A) were (B) accepted (C) were accepted (D) review

4. What is inverted in: “So entrenched was the belief that few questioned it.” (A) The subject and verb (B) The adjective and adverb (C) The relative clause (D) The noun phrase

5. Choose: ______ the government to impose such regulations, many businesses would close. (A) If (B) Were (C) Had (D) Should

6. Choose: ______ it not been for the timely intervention, the project would have failed. (A) Were (B) Had (C) If (D) Should

7. Choose: The board insisted that the CEO ______ a public statement. (A) makes (B) make (C) made (D) would make

8. Choose: Scarcely ______ the lecture begun when a fire alarm disrupted it. (A) the professor had (B) had the professor (C) the professor has (D) has the professor

9. Choose: ______ she to accept the position, she would face numerous challenges. (A) Were (B) Had (C) If (D) Should

10. Which has correct parallelism? (A) to test, to verify, and validating (B) to test, verify, and validate (C) to testing, verifying, and validate (D) for testing, to verify, and validating

🟡 進階題 (11-20)：平行+獨立主格

11. The new policy aims to reduce emissions, promoting sustainability, and ______. (A) the improvement of public health (B) improve public health (C) improving public health (D) to improving public health

12. Find error: “She is admired not only for her intellect but also she is creative.” Choose correction: (A) “she is creative” → “creativity” (B) “not only” → “either” (C) “her intellect” → “she is intelligent” (D) No error

13. The study examines whether the phenomenon is caused by genetic factors, environmental influences, or ______. (A) they interact (B) an interaction between the two (C) interacting (D) the interaction of them

14. Find error: “The author’s argument is persuasive, well-researched, and it is logical.” Choose correction: (A) “well-researched” → “researched well” (B) “it is logical” → “logical” (C) “persuasive” → “persuades” (D) No error

15. Choose: ______, the committee adjourned the meeting early. (A) The agenda being completed (B) Completed the agenda (C) Being completed the agenda (D) The agenda completing

16. Choose: ______ all variables into account, the researchers concluded that the hypothesis was flawed. (A) Taking (B) Taken (C) Having taken (D) Being taken

17. Find dangling participle: (A) Having analyzed the data, the team presented findings. (B) Walking along the shore, the waves crashed against rocks. (C) Exhausted from the journey, the travelers rested. (D) Published in a prestigious journal, the study attracted attention.

18. Choose: “The experiment ______, the scientists proceeded to the next phase.” (A) completing (B) completed (C) having completed (D) was completed

19. Choose: With the deadline ______, the team worked through the night. (A) approach (B) approached (C) approaching (D) to approaching

20. What error: “The data supports the hypothesis, it validates years of research.” (A) Subject-verb agreement (B) Comma splice (C) Dangling modifier (D) Tense shifting

🔴 挑戰題 (21-30)：GRE 寫作錯誤辨識

21. What error: “The professor explained the theory to the student, but they seemed confused.” (A) Pronoun reference ambiguity (B) Comma splice (C) Parallelism (D) Dangling modifier

22. Choose: Which is grammatically correct? (A) The economy of Japan is larger than China. (B) The economy of Japan is larger than that of China. (C) Japan’s economy is larger than China. (D) Japan’s economy is more large than China’s.

23. What error: “He neither submitted the report on time nor the presentation was well-prepared.” (A) Faulty parallelism (B) Comma splice (C) Dangling modifier (D) None

24. Choose: Which sentence correctly avoids all errors? (A) Having completed the analysis, the results were published. (B) The researcher, along with her colleagues, have submitted the paper. (C) The author argues that education, not wealth alone, determines social mobility. (D) The number of participants are insufficient.

25. Find errors and explain: “The set of experiments that were conducted last year show inconsistent results, this is concerning.”

26. Translate three sentences (use advanced grammar): (a) 「要不是你的支持，我早就放棄了。」(Use Had it not been for) (b) 「無論發生什麼事，我都會支持你。」(Use Whatever) (c) 「她不僅聰明，而且很有創造力。」(Use 倒裝 Not only)

27. Find all errors: “Despite of the difficulties, the team continued. They worked tirelessly, the project was successful. Each of the members were committed to the mission. Having completed the project, success was achieved.”

28. Convert to advanced inverted form: (a) “If I had known, I would have told you.” (b) “She has never seen such a beautiful place.” (c) “He didn’t realize his mistake until it was too late.”

29. Choose all correct: (A) The committee, all things considered, made the right decision. (B) Weather permitting, we’ll have the picnic outside. (C) Having been told the truth, she felt relieved. (D) All the above are correct.

30. Terminal challenge—rewrite fixing all errors: “Despite of his lack of experience, the candidate impressed the interviewers. Having reviewed his portfolio, his creativity was evident. Not only he demonstrated technical skills, but he also showed leadership. The committee insisted that he begins immediately. Were it not for his salary expectations, he would have been hired right away.”

章末總測驗 解答與詳解

🟢 基礎題 解答

🟡 進階題 解答

🔴 挑戰題 解答

課前快問 解答

詳見前面解答區。

自我評分

分數（30 題）等級建議
27-30🏆 威威 GRE 等級GRE 文法準備完成！直接挑戰 GRE！
22-26🥈 穩健等級重點複習：平行結構、獨立主格、長難句拆解。
16-21🥉 加油等級多做 GRE 真題，特別是 sentence equivalence 和 reading comprehension。
0-15💪 再出發先回頭把學測必考的 30 大陷阱（27 文法錯誤分析-學測高頻陷阱）熟練。

GRE 準備複習計畫

時間內容
今天全文 + 即時練習 + 章末測驗
第 1 週找 GRE 閱讀真題，每天拆解 5 個長難句
第 2 週寫一段 200 字 GRE 作文，用 10 點清單檢查
第 3 週模考 GRE Verbal 一次
考試前重看「GRE 寫作 10 點清單」

學習科學小知識：後設認知 (Metacognition)

GRE 長難句分析需要一種叫「後設認知」的能力——「思考自己的思考過程」。

研究顯示：專家級閱讀者會不斷問自己：

  • 「這句話的核心訊息是什麼？」
  • 「這個修飾語修飾的是哪個名詞？」
  • 「為什麼作者用這個結構？」

這種自我提問策略能顯著提升理解力。

應用：每讀到一個長句，強迫自己用一句話（主詞 + 動詞 + 受詞）總結它的核心意思——然後再回頭分析修飾語。

「先抓主幹，再填枝葉」——這個策略能有效降低認知負荷 (cognitive load)，是 GRE 高分的祕密武器！

🏁 終點站：你完成了文法特快車的全程！

恭喜你抵達終點！從 00 五大句型 到 28 GRE文法精要——29 個章節，你已經走完英文文法的完整旅程！

你現在擁有：

  • ✅ 5 大句型的「萬能鑰匙」
  • ✅ 12 種時態的精細控制
  • ✅ 假設語氣 + 倒裝句的進階武器
  • ✅ 分詞構句的寫作瘦身術
  • ✅ 30 大學測陷阱的防雷地圖
  • ✅ GRE 級長難句的拆解能力

文法是英文的骨架——骨架穩了，詞彙、聽力、口說、寫作才能在上面長出血肉。

接下來：用文法去讀、去寫、去說、去聽——讓文法從「規則」變成「直覺」！

威威老師結尾的話

文法不是用來「考試」的，是用來「理解世界」的。

學英文的目的不是為了背規則——而是為了讀莎士比亞、看 TED 演講、跟世界對話。

今天你完成了文法的「地基工程」——接下來，自由飛翔吧！

上一篇： 27 文法錯誤分析-學測高頻陷阱 下一篇： 🏁 系列終點 — 回到 文法路線圖 全系列回顧：

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