威威老師的文法特快車：關係代名詞 (Relative Pronouns)
課程導航
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哈囉各位同學！我是威威老師。
來，把下面這兩句話「黏成一句」：
- The girl is my sister.
- The girl is singing.
直覺反應你會寫：「The girl is my sister and is singing.」——文法對，但像鴨子嘎嘎叫的英文！
正確、優雅的寫法是：
“The girl who is singing is my sister.”（正在唱歌的那個女孩是我妹妹。）
這個 “who” 就是英文裡的「句子超強膠水」——關係代名詞 (Relative Pronoun)。它把兩個句子用最有效率的方式黏在一起，沒有它，英文就跟中文一樣只能用 and 串連——但效果就是「不英文」。
學測閱讀、翻譯、寫作—— 50% 以上的長句都用了關係代名詞！學會它，你的英文寫作會立刻從國中跳到高中等級。
繫好安全帶 🚂
課前快問 (Pre-Quiz) — 複習 15 感官動詞
- I saw him ____ the street and disappear into the crowd.（cross / crossing / crossed）
- She heard the song ____ in French at the concert.（sing / singing / sung）
- We watched the children ____ in the park for an hour.（play / playing / played）
解答
- cross — 看到完整動作 → VR。
- sung — 歌被唱 → V-pp。
- playing — 持續觀察 → V-ing。
一、關係代名詞 = 句子界的「超強膠水」
1-1 核心觀念
關係代名詞 (Relative Pronoun) = 把兩個有「共同名詞」的句子黏成一句的字。
它一個字裡面同時扮演兩個角色：
- 代名詞（代替前面提過的名詞）
- 連接詞（連接兩個句子）
💡 威威核心比喻： 關係代名詞像「便利貼 + 雙面膠」——既能標記前面提過的東西（代名詞），又能黏合兩個句子（連接詞）。
1-2 結構解剖
The man who lives next door is a doctor.
^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
先行詞 關代 形容詞子句（修飾 the man）
先行詞 (Antecedent) = 關代前面那個被修飾的名詞。 形容詞子句 (Adjective Clause) = 關代引導的子句，整體當形容詞修飾先行詞。
二、關係代名詞家族 — 五兄弟
| 關代 | 主/受格 | 修飾 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| who | 主格/受格 | 人 | The man who called you is my uncle. |
| whom | 受格 | 人 | The man whom I met is a doctor. |
| whose | 所有格 | 人/物 | The boy whose father is a teacher won. |
| which | 主格/受格 | 物 | The book which I bought is great. |
| that | 主格/受格 | 人/物 | 萬用型（但逗號後不能用！） |
詳細用法
A. who — 人物專用
修飾人，當主格或受格（口語中受格也常用 who 代替 whom）。
例：The woman who teaches us English is from Canada.
B. whom — 正式的受格
只當受格（人）。介系詞後面只能用 whom（不能用 that）。
例：The professor whom I admire most is Dr. Lin. 例：The teacher to whom I sent the email replied. ⚠️ to + whom
C. whose — 「…的」
表所有格，後面永遠接名詞。可以修飾人或物。
例：The student whose parents are doctors won.（人） 例：The house whose roof is red belongs to my uncle.（物，較正式）
🚨 不要跟 who’s 搞混！who’s = who is。whose = 「誰的」。
D. which — 物品專用
修飾物（動物、概念也包括）。可主格或受格。
例：The movie which won the Oscar is amazing. 例：The phone which I bought is expensive.
E. that — 萬用型
人和物都能修飾，主格受格都行。但有限制——逗號後面不能用！
例：The girl that I love is kind.（人） 例：The movie that I saw was great.（物）
🎯 關代家族即時練習（5 題）
1. Choose: The girl ______ is standing by the window is my classmate. (A) who (B) whom (C) whose (D) which
2. Choose: The book ______ I borrowed is interesting. (A) what (B) which (C) whose (D) where
3. Choose: The boy ______ father is a doctor wants to be one too. (A) who (B) whom (C) whose (D) who’s
4. 改錯：This is the man whom called me yesterday.
5. Translate: 「我在哪個城市出生的，那個城市我從沒回去過。」(Use which)
寫好答案再往下看 👇
解答與詳解
第 1 題：(A) who
先行詞 girl（人），子句缺主詞 → 主格 who。
第 2 題：(B) which
先行詞 book（物）→ which 或 that。
第 3 題：(C) whose
✅ The boy whose father is a doctor.（whose father = the boy’s father）。 ❌ (D) who’s = who is，意思不通。
第 4 題：whom → who
✅ 修正：This is the man who called me yesterday. 解析：子句中 called 缺主詞 → 主格 who（不是 whom）。
第 5 題：The city in which I was born is one I've never returned to.
✅ 也可說：The city which I was born in is one I’ve never returned to.
三、主格 vs. 受格 — 關代能不能省略！
3-1 黃金規則
| 主格 | 受格 | |
|---|---|---|
| 角色 | 子句中的主詞 | 子句中的受詞 |
| 可省略？ | ❌ 不能省略 | ✅ 可以省略 |
3-2 判斷三步法
Step 1：找關代
Step 2：看關代後面的子句
├── 子句缺「主詞」 → 主格 → 不能省
└── 子句已有「主詞 + 動詞」 → 受格 → 可省
3-3 對比例句
| 句子 | 子句結構 | 格 | 可省？ |
|---|---|---|---|
| The dog which bit me ran away. | 缺主詞 (___ bit me) | 主格 | ❌ |
| The dog (which) I saw ran away. | I (S) saw (V) ___ | 受格 | ✅ |
| The girl who is standing there is Mary. | 缺主詞 | 主格 | ❌ |
| The girl (whom) I called is Mary. | I called ___ | 受格 | ✅ |
🎯 主格/受格判斷即時練習（5 題）
1. Which can be omitted? (a) The book which is on the table is mine. (b) The book which I read yesterday is great.
2. Choose: The man ______ I met at the party is a doctor.（受格，可省） (A) who only (B) whom only (C) who/whom/that/✗ (D) which
3. Translate: 「我喜歡的那本書不見了。」(Use the book + relative pronoun)
4. 改錯：The teacher I respect her is Mr. Wang.
5. Choose all correct (the man we met…): (A) The man we met yesterday is here. (B) The man whom we met yesterday is here. (C) The man that we met yesterday is here. (D) All correct.
寫好答案再往下看 👇
解答與詳解
第 1 題：(b) 可以省略
(a) 主格（缺主詞）→ 不可省。 (b) 受格（I 是子句主詞）→ 可省。
第 2 題：(C) who/whom/that/✗
受格 → 可用 who（口語）/ whom（正式）/ that，也可省略。
第 3 題：The book (that/which) I like is gone.
受格可省。
第 4 題：刪除 her
✅ 修正：The teacher (whom/that/✗) I respect is Mr. Wang. 解析：whom/that 已經代替 her，不能重複！「I respect her」中的 her 在子句裡用 whom 取代了。
第 5 題：(D) All correct
受格 → 三種寫法都對（who/whom/that/省略）。
四、that 的特殊規則 — 五要 + 三不要
4-1 五個情況「只能用 that」
| 規則 | 例句 |
|---|---|
| 1. 先行詞同時包含人和物 | The man and his dog that passed by looked happy. |
| 2. 先行詞有最高級 | This is the best movie that I have ever seen. |
| 3. 先行詞有 the only / first / last / very | He is the only person that understands me. |
| 4. 先行詞有 all / every / any / no / some | Everything that he said was true. |
| 5. 避免重複 who（疑問句） | Who is the girl that is standing by the door? |
4-2 三個情況「不能用 that」
| 規則 | 錯誤 | 正確 |
|---|---|---|
| 1. 逗號後面（非限定用法） | My father, that is 60… ❌ | My father, who is 60… ✓ |
| 2. 介系詞前面 | The house in that he lives ❌ | The house in which he lives ✓ |
| 3. 非限定用法的人 | My mother, that is a nurse… ❌ | My mother, who is a nurse… ✓ |
🎯 威威記法：「五要三不要」——背熟這 8 條，that 的題目你都不會錯。
🎯 that 規則即時練習（5 題）
1. Choose: This is the best book ______ I’ve ever read. (A) which (B) what (C) that (D) ✗
2. Choose: He is the only person ______ truly understands me. (A) which (B) that (C) what (D) whose
3. Choose: My grandmother, ______ lives in Tainan, is 90 years old. (A) who (B) that (C) which (D) what
4. 改錯：The pen with that he wrote the letter is broken.
5. Choose: Everything ______ he said was true. (A) which (B) what (C) that (D) whose
寫好答案再往下看 👇
解答與詳解
第 1 題：(C) that
最高級 (best) → 只能用 that。
第 2 題：(B) that
the only → 只能用 that。
第 3 題：(A) who
有逗號（非限定）→ 不能用 that。先行詞是人 → who。
第 4 題：that → which
✅ 修正：The pen with which he wrote… / 或：The pen (that/which) he wrote with… 解析：介系詞 with 後面不能用 that。
第 5 題：(C) that
先行詞 Everything（含 every）→ 只能用 that。
五、限定 vs. 非限定 — 一個逗號改變意思
5-1 兩種用法對比
| 限定用法（無逗號） | 非限定用法（有逗號） | |
|---|---|---|
| 目的 | 限定範圍（哪一個？） | 補充說明（額外資訊） |
| 不可缺 | 是（沒有就不知道哪個） | 否（拿掉句子仍完整） |
| 用 that？ | ✓ 可以 | ❌ 不能 |
| 省略受格？ | ✓ 可以 | ❌ 不能 |
5-2 經典對比
限定：I have a brother who is a doctor.
→ 我有一個當醫生的哥哥（暗示我可能還有其他兄弟）
非限：I have a brother, who is a doctor.
→ 我有一個哥哥，他是醫生（只有一個，順便補充他職業）
💎 一個逗號決定「有幾個」的差別！
5-3 何時用非限定？
當先行詞唯一或已知，補充說明用非限定：
- My mother, who is a nurse, …（媽媽只有一個）
- The Eiffel Tower, which is in Paris, …（艾菲爾鐵塔只有一座）
- John Lennon, who founded the Beatles, …（特定人物）
🎯 限定/非限定即時練習（5 題）
1. Choose: Children ______ play sports tend to be healthier.（一般而言，做運動的小孩更健康——限定） (A) , who (B) who (C) , whom (D) ✗
2. Choose: My best friend, ______ I’ve known for 10 years, is moving abroad. (A) who (B) that (C) whom (D) which
3. 比較意思： (a) “My sister who is a doctor lives in Taipei.”（限定） (b) “My sister, who is a doctor, lives in Taipei.”（非限定）
4. 改錯：The Pacific Ocean, that is the largest, is between Asia and America.
5. Translate: 「我的爸爸（我只有一個爸爸）是個工程師。」(Use 非限定)
寫好答案再往下看 👇
解答與詳解
第 1 題：(B) who
限定（沒逗號）。「做運動的小孩」→ 限定範圍 → 不需要逗號。
第 2 題：(A) who
非限定（有逗號）→ 不能用 that。先行詞是人 → who。
第 3 題：意思區辨
(a) 限定：「我那個當醫生的妹妹」住在台北（暗示我可能還有其他妹妹） (b) 非限定：「我妹妹」住在台北，順便提她是醫生（只有一個妹妹）
第 4 題：that → which
✅ 修正：The Pacific Ocean, which is the largest, is between… 有逗號 → 不能用 that！
第 5 題：My father, who is an engineer, ...
✅ 加逗號（非限定，因為爸爸只有一個）。
六、介系詞 + 關代
6-1 介系詞兩種位置
口語：The man (who/that/✗) she works with is nice. ← 介系詞放句尾
正式：The man with whom she works is nice. ← 介系詞放關代前
6-2 ⚠️ 介系詞前只能用 whom / which（不能用 that）
| 介系詞 + 關代 | 例句 |
|---|---|
| in which | The room in which we study is large. |
| for which | The reason for which he came is unclear. |
| with which | The tool with which he fixed the car is new. |
| to whom | The person to whom I spoke was kind. |
| with whom | The girl with whom he danced is my sister. |
| about which | The topic about which they argued was politics. |
🎯 介系詞 + 關代即時練習（5 題）
1. Choose: The teacher ______ I sent the email replied quickly. (A) to whom (B) to which (C) to that (D) for which
2. Convert to formal style: “The room (which) he lives in is small.”
3. 改錯：The friend with that I traveled to Japan is here.
4. Translate: 「我跟他說話的那個人是醫生。」(Use to whom)
5. Choose: The book ______ I read the article is on the shelf. (A) in which (B) in that (C) what (D) where
寫好答案再往下看 👇
解答與詳解
第 1 題：(A) to whom
介系詞 to + 人 → whom。
第 2 題：The room in which he lives is small.
介系詞 in 移到 which 前面（正式）。
第 3 題：that → whom
✅ 修正：The friend with whom I traveled… 或 The friend (whom/that/✗) I traveled to Japan with.
第 4 題：The person to whom I spoke is a doctor.
也可說 The person (whom/that) I spoke to is a doctor.（口語）。
第 5 題：(A) in which
介系詞 in + book（物）→ in which。
七、複合關代：what / whoever / whatever
7-1 what = the thing(s) that
what 是「自帶先行詞的關代」——前面不需要也不能有名詞！
What he said is true.
^^^ = the thing that
= The thing that he said is true.
| 句子 | 還原 |
|---|---|
| What she told me surprised everyone. | The thing that she told me… |
| I don’t know what happened. | the thing that happened |
| This is what I need. | the thing that I need |
🚨 超經典陷阱：what 不能跟先行詞同時出現！ ❌ The thing what I want = 重複了！ ✅ The thing that I want / What I want
7-2 其他複合關代
| 關代 | 意思 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| whoever | 任何…的人（主格） | Whoever wins gets a prize. |
| whomever | 任何…的人（受格） | Give it to whomever you trust. |
| whatever | 任何…的事物 | Whatever you do, don’t give up. |
| whichever | 任何…的一個 | Take whichever you like. |
7-3 what vs. which
| what | which | |
|---|---|---|
| 有先行詞？ | ❌ 沒有（自己就是） | ✓ 有 |
| 例句 | I know what you want. | I know the book which you want. |
🎯 複合關代即時練習（5 題）
1. Choose: ______ doesn’t kill you makes you stronger. (A) That (B) Which (C) What (D) Who
2. 改錯：The thing what I want most is happiness.
3. Choose: ______ leaves the room last should turn off the lights. (A) Who (B) Whoever (C) That (D) What
4. Choose: She asked me ______ I wanted for my birthday. (A) that (B) what (C) which (D) who
5. Translate: 「無論你做什麼，都不要放棄。」(Use Whatever)
寫好答案再往下看 👇
解答與詳解
第 1 題：(C) What
句首當主詞，前面沒名詞 → What。
第 2 題：what → that 或刪除 The thing
✅ 修正：
- The thing that I want most is happiness.
- What I want most is happiness.
第 3 題：(B) Whoever
「任何離開的人」→ Whoever（= anyone who）。
第 4 題：(B) what
ask + 受詞 + what 引導的子句。what 自帶先行詞。
第 5 題：Whatever you do, don't give up.
✅ Whatever 引導讓步子句。
八、考試陷阱大整理
學測關代考題的 5 大陷阱
陷阱 1：that 五要三不要
五要：人物混合、最高級、the only/first/last、all/every/any、避免 who 重複 三不要：逗號後、介系詞前、非限定的人
陷阱 2：what vs. which
what 自帶先行詞；which 需要先行詞。
陷阱 3：whose vs. who’s
whose = 「…的」；who’s = who is。
陷阱 4：受格可省，主格不能省
看子句缺不缺主詞！
陷阱 5：介系詞前用 whom / which
不能用 that！
章末總測驗 (Chapter Test) — 30 題
🟢 基礎題 (1-10)
1. The girl ______ is standing by the window is my classmate.
2. The book ______ I borrowed from the library is very interesting.（可省的話用括號）
3. This is the most beautiful painting ______ I have ever seen.
4. My father, ______ is 55 years old, works as an engineer.
5. The student ______ parents are both doctors won first prize.
6. He is the only person ______ understands my situation.
7. The house in ______ he lives was built 100 years ago.
8. ______ he said at the meeting was very inspiring.
9. The man and his dog ______ were walking in the park looked happy.
10. I don’t know ______ you are talking about.
🟡 進階題 (11-20)
11. Choose: The teacher to ______ I sent the email replied quickly. (A) who (B) whom (C) which (D) that
12. Find the incorrect sentence: (A) Everything that he told me was a lie. (B) This is the best movie which I’ve ever watched. (C) The woman whose car was stolen called the police. (D) She is the person who I respect most.
13. Combine: “The boy is my friend. The boy’s father is a famous doctor.” (用 whose)
14. Choose: She asked me ______ I wanted for my birthday. (A) that (B) what (C) which (D) who
15. True or False: “I’ll never forget the day when we first met.” → when 可以用 on which 替換嗎？
16. 改錯：The thing what I want most is peace and quiet.
17. Choose: ______ leaves the room last should turn off the lights. (A) Who (B) Whoever (C) Whomever (D) That
18. Translate: 「台北是一個有很多美食的城市。」(Use a city + which)
19. Choose: Taipei is a city ______ I’ve always wanted to visit. (A) where (B) which (C) what (D) in that
20. Choose: He showed me the letter ______ he had received from the university. (A) who (B) whom (C) which (D) what
🔴 挑戰題 (21-30)
21. Choose: The artist ______ paintings are displayed in the museum is known for ______ she calls “emotional art.” (A) whose / what (B) whose / which (C) who’s / what (D) whom / that
22. Convert to informal style: “The man to whom she was speaking is the principal.”
23. Choose: He told me all the details about the accident, ______ made me even more worried. (A) that (B) which (C) what (D) it
24. Choose all correct: (A) I know the reason why he was late. (B) I know the reason that he was late. (C) I know the reason for which he was late. (D) I know the reason what he was late.
25. Choose: She is one of the students ______ always ______ on time. (A) who / is (B) who / are (C) which / is (D) that / was
26. Translate three sentences: (a) 「我愛的女孩很善良。」(Use the girl + relative pronoun + 限定) (b) 「我哥哥（只有一個哥哥）住在日本。」(Use 非限定) (c) 「我跟她一起工作的人是個天才。」(Use with whom 正式風格)
27. Find errors: (a) “The boy whom called me is my brother.” (b) “The car which I bought it last year broke down.” (c) “He is the only person which understands me.” (d) “The room in that he sleeps is small.”
28. Convert to relative clauses: (a) “I have a friend. My friend speaks five languages.” (b) “The book is on the desk. I bought the book yesterday.” (c) “I know a man. The man’s daughter is famous.”
29. Translate: (a) 「她說的話讓我感動。」(Use What…) (b) 「我去過的最美的地方是京都。」(Use the most beautiful place + that) (c) 「無論你選哪一個，都很好。」(Use Whichever)
30. Terminal challenge—rewrite fixing all errors: “The teacher whom teach us math, who’s name is Mr. Lin, is the most knowledgeable person which I’ve ever met. He is the only one whom can explain difficult concepts in simple ways. The thing what I love about him is that he always answers our questions. The classroom in that we learn is also where I made my best friends, who they are still my best friends today.”
章末總測驗 解答與詳解
🟢 基礎題 解答
第 1 題：who / that — 先行詞 girl（人），主格。
第 2 題：(which / that / ✗) — 受格可省略。
第 3 題：that — 最高級 (most beautiful)。
第 4 題：who — 有逗號（非限定）+ 人。
第 5 題：whose — 「學生的父母」= whose parents。
第 6 題：that — the only。
第 7 題：which — 介系詞 in + 物（house）→ which。
第 8 題：What — 句首主詞，無先行詞 → What。
第 9 題：that — 人 + 物 → that。
第 10 題：what — 「你說的事」→ what = the thing that。
🟡 進階題 解答
第 11 題：(B) whom
to + 人 → whom。
第 12 題：(B) 錯誤
the best movie 有最高級 → 只能用 that。應改：This is the best movie that I’ve ever watched.
第 13 題：The boy whose father is a famous doctor is my friend.
第 14 題：(B) what
「她問我我想要什麼」→ what 引導子句。
第 15 題：True
the day when = the day on which。
第 16 題：刪除 the thing 或 what → that
✅ “What I want most is peace and quiet.” 或 “The thing that I want most…”
第 17 題：(B) Whoever
「任何最後離開的人」= Whoever。
第 18 題：Taipei is a city which/that has a lot of delicious food.
第 19 題：(B) which
「我想去拜訪它」→ visit it → which 取代 it。 💎 (A) where 不對因為 visit 是及物，後面缺受詞，要 which。
第 20 題：(C) which
the letter（物），受格 → which 或 that（選項只有 which）。
🔴 挑戰題 解答
第 21 題：(A) whose / what
whose paintings = 那位藝術家的畫；what she calls = 她所謂的（the thing that）。
第 22 題：The man (who/whom/that) she was speaking to is the principal.
介系詞移到句尾。
第 23 題：(B) which
有逗號（非限定）+ which 代表整件事（he told me all the details）。
第 24 題：(A)(B)(C) 都對
(D) 錯——the reason 跟 what 重複（what = the thing that）。
第 25 題：(B) who / are
who 修飾 the students（複數）→ 動詞用 are。 💎 「one of the + 複數 + who + 複數動詞」是固定用法！
第 26 題：翻譯
(a) The girl (whom/that/✗) I love is kind. (b) My brother, who lives in Japan, …（有逗號，非限定） (c) The person with whom I work is a genius.（正式）
第 27 題：找錯
(a) whom → who（called 缺主詞 → 主格） (b) 刪除 it（which 已代替 it） (c) which → that 或 who（the only person 接 that；人也可用 who） (d) that → which（介系詞前不用 that）
第 28 題：合併句子
(a) I have a friend who speaks five languages. (b) The book (that/which) I bought yesterday is on the desk. (c) I know a man whose daughter is famous.
第 29 題：翻譯
(a) What she said moved me. (b) The most beautiful place that I’ve been to is Kyoto.（最高級 → that） (c) Whichever you choose is fine.
第 30 題：完整修正
原段：The teacher whom teach us math, who’s name is Mr. Lin, is the most knowledgeable person which I’ve ever met. He is the only one whom can explain difficult concepts. The thing what I love about him is… The classroom in that we learn is… my best friends, who they are still my best friends today.
✅ 修正版： “The teacher who teaches us math, whose name is Mr. Lin, is the most knowledgeable person that I’ve ever met. He is the only one who/that can explain difficult concepts in simple ways. What I love about him is that he always answers our questions. The classroom in which we learn is also where I made my best friends, who are still my best friends today.”
修正了 7 處：
- whom teach → who teaches（主格，且 the teacher 三單）
- who’s → whose（所有格）
- which → that（最高級 → 只能用 that）
- whom → who/that（the only one + 主格）
- The thing what → What（重複先行詞）
- in that → in which（介系詞前不用 that）
- who they → who（重複了主詞）
課前快問 解答
詳見前面解答區。
自我評分
| 分數（30 題） | 等級 | 建議 |
|---|---|---|
| 27-30 | 🏆 威威等級 | 關代精通！進入 17 比較級與最高級。 |
| 22-26 | 🥈 穩健等級 | 重點複習：that 五要三不要、限定 vs. 非限定。 |
| 16-21 | 🥉 加油等級 | 把「五兄弟家族表」+「主受格判斷」背熟。 |
| 0-15 | 💪 再出發 | 從基礎：先行詞是人/物 → who/which 開始。 |
複習計畫
時間 內容 今天 全文 + 即時練習 + 章末測驗 第 3 天 默寫五兄弟家族表 + that 五要三不要 第 7 天 寫 5 句合併句子（用關代） 第 14 天 找 1 篇英文文章，圈所有關代並標註其格 考試前 重看「5 大陷阱」
學習科學小知識：對比學習 (Contrastive Learning)
大腦學「成對概念」效率最高——把 who vs. whom、that vs. which、限定 vs. 非限定並排對比，比分開學好 2-3 倍。
應用到關代：每學一個新規則，問自己「它和之前的有什麼不同？」例如：
- “who 跟 whom 都修飾人，差在格——主格 / 受格”
- “that 跟 which 都修飾物，差在能不能用在逗號後 / 介系詞後”
把每個關代和它的「兄弟」對比，記憶就從「死背 5 個」升級為「記 5 組差異」——後者深入腦海。
上一篇： 15 感官動詞 下一篇： 17 比較級與最高級 相關主題： 09 名詞片語 | 23 名詞子句