威威老師的 TOEFL Reading 閱讀完全攻略 📚🎓

課程導航

回到： TOEFL 總覽 | 跨技能： 聽力策略 | 口說策略 | 寫作策略

哈囉各位同學！我是威威老師。

來，誠實面對：

「TOEFL 的閱讀文章 700 字一篇——10 題——35 分鐘要做完 2 篇——我看到題目就累了！」

如果你有這種反應——完全正常！TOEFL 閱讀的難度遠超學測，因為——

學科廣（天文、地質、生物、藝術史、心理學）

句子長（一句 30+ 字、多層子句）

單字深（學術詞彙密集）

題型細（10 大題型，每種都有獨特解法）

但好消息：TOEFL 閱讀是套路考試——掌握10 大題型解法 + 時間策略 + 同義改寫識別——3 個月可以從 15 衝到 25+！

今天威威老師帶你拆解：

🎯 10 大題型完整攻略——基本理解 + 推論分析 + 整合歸納
⏰ 35 分鐘時間分配——3-4 略讀 + 12-13 答題 + 1 檢查
🔥 同義改寫識別——TOEFL 答案幾乎都是 paraphrase
⚡ 常見陷阱——每種題型的地雷區

繫好安全帶 🚂

一、測驗基本資訊

項目	內容
時間	35 分鐘
文章數	2 篇學術文章
每篇長度	約 700 字
每篇題數	10 題
總題數	20 題
文章類型	說明文 (expository) / 論說文 (argumentative) / 歷史敘述 (historical narrative)

💡 威威時間心法：

35 分鐘 / 2 篇 = 每篇 17.5 分鐘——建議分配：

3-4 分鐘 略讀文章（抓主旨 + 段落功能）

12-13 分鐘 答題（10 題 × 1.2 min）

1 分鐘 檢查

二、TOEFL 閱讀的 10 大題型

TOEFL 閱讀題型分成兩大類：基本理解題（Basic Comprehension）和推論分析題（Inference & Analysis）。下面我們逐一拆解每種題型。

題型總覽

#	題型	英文名稱	題數/篇	難度	類型
1	事實資訊題	Factual Information	2-3	★★	基本理解
2	否定事實題	Negative Factual	1	★★	基本理解
3	推論題	Inference	1-2	★★★	推論分析
4	修辭目的題	Rhetorical Purpose	1-2	★★★	推論分析
5	字彙題	Vocabulary	1-2	★	基本理解
6	指代題	Reference	1	★	基本理解
7	句子簡化題	Sentence Simplification	1	★★★★	推論分析
8	插入句子題	Insert Text	1	★★★	推論分析
9	文章摘要題	Prose Summary	1	★★★★	整合歸納
10	表格填空題	Fill in a Table	0-1	★★★★★	整合歸納

三、各題型詳細攻略

題型 1：事實資訊題 (Factual Information Question)

它在考什麼？ 測驗你能否準確找出文章中明確陳述的資訊。答案一定「寫在紙上」，不需要推論。

如何辨認？

According to paragraph X, …?
According to the passage, …?
It is stated in paragraph X that …?
The author mentions that …?

解題三步驟：

定位關鍵字 (Locate)：從題目中找出關鍵字（人名、年代、專有名詞、數字），用這些關鍵字回文章中找到對應句子。
閱讀上下文 (Read Context)：讀目標句的前後 1-2 句，確保沒有理解偏差。
配對同義改寫 (Match Paraphrase)：正確答案通常是原文的同義改寫 (paraphrase)，不會直接抄原文。

威威老師小提醒

很多同學看到關鍵字就急著選，結果掉進陷阱。記住：TOEFL 的正確答案幾乎都是改寫過的，長得跟原文一樣的選項反而常常是陷阱！

練習範例：

Passage excerpt: The Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain in the late 18th century, fundamentally transformed manufacturing processes. Before this period, most goods were produced by hand in small workshops or homes. The introduction of steam power and mechanized textile production allowed factories to mass-produce goods at unprecedented rates. By 1850, Britain had become the world’s leading industrial power, producing over half of the world’s iron and cotton textiles.

Question: According to the passage, what was a major change brought by the Industrial Revolution?

(A) Workers moved from cities to rural areas
(B) Goods began to be produced using machines in factories
(C) Britain stopped producing textiles
(D) Steam power was replaced by electricity

答案與解析：

正確答案：(B)。原文 “the introduction of steam power and mechanized textile production allowed factories to mass-produce goods” 的同義改寫。
(A) 錯：原文說的是從小作坊變成工廠，不是城市到鄉村。
(C) 錯：英國是產量增加，不是停止。
(D) 錯：蒸氣是引進，不是被取代。

題型 2：否定事實題 (Negative Factual Question)

它在考什麼？ 找出選項中哪一個沒有被提到或哪一個是錯的。

如何辨認？

All of the following are mentioned in paragraph X EXCEPT…
The author mentions all of the following EXCEPT…
Which of the following is NOT mentioned…?

解題三步驟：

掃讀選項關鍵字 (Scan Options)：快速看過四個選項，圈出每個選項的關鍵字。
逐一驗證 (Verify One by One)：用每個選項的關鍵字回文章定位，看看有沒有提到。
消去法 (Eliminate)：有提到的打勾，找不到/不符合的打叉 — 那個就是答案。

威威老師小提醒

這題最花時間！四個選項要逐一確認，很容易超過 2 分鐘。建議策略：先看哪個選項最「怪」或最「不相關」，優先驗證那個，因為它可能就是答案。

練習範例：

Passage excerpt: Coral reefs are among the most biodiverse ecosystems on Earth. They provide habitat for approximately 25% of all marine species, including fish, mollusks, and crustaceans. Reefs also protect coastlines from erosion by absorbing wave energy. Additionally, they support local economies through fishing and tourism. However, rising ocean temperatures, pollution, and overfishing threaten their survival.

Question: All of the following are mentioned as benefits of coral reefs EXCEPT:

(A) They serve as homes for marine animals
(B) They protect shorelines from wave damage
(C) They provide materials for construction
(D) They contribute to local economies

答案與解析：

正確答案：(C)。“提供建築材料”在文章中完全沒提到。
(A) 有提到：“provide habitat for approximately 25% of all marine species”
(B) 有提到：“protect coastlines from erosion by absorbing wave energy”
(D) 有提到：“support local economies through fishing and tourism”

題型 3：推論題 (Inference Question)

它在考什麼？ 測驗你從文章中暗示的內容推出結論的能力。答案不在紙上直接寫出來，但文章中的線索強烈指向某個結論。

如何辨認？

What can be inferred from paragraph X about…?
It can be inferred that…?
The author implies that…?
Which of the following can be inferred…?

解題四步驟：

讀懂字面意思 (Literal Meaning)：先確認文章在該段到底說了什麼。
找線索 (Find Clues)：有哪些語氣、對比、因果關係暗示了言外之意？
推一步 (One Step Only)：TOEFL 推論只推「一步」— 不要想太多層！不要套用自己的背景知識。
回頭驗證 (Verify)：你的推論可以被文章中的哪句話支持？

練習範例：

Passage excerpt: Unlike most mammals, which maintain a constant internal body temperature regardless of external conditions, ectothermic animals such as reptiles rely on behavioral adaptations to regulate their temperature. A desert lizard, for instance, will bask on sun-heated rocks during the cool morning hours, retreat to shade during the midday heat, and burrow underground as evening approaches. Without access to these microhabitats, the lizard would be unable to maintain a functional body temperature.

Question: What can be inferred about desert lizards from the passage?

(A) They are most active during the hottest part of the day
(B) They cannot survive in environments that lack temperature variation in the landscape
(C) They maintain a constant body temperature like mammals do
(D) They prefer cooler temperatures to warmer ones

答案與解析：

正確答案：(B)。文章說 “without access to these microhabitats, the lizard would be unable to maintain a functional body temperature”，推一步就是：如果環境中沒有不同溫度的區域（石頭、陰影、地下），蜥蜴就無法生存。
(A) 錯：跟文章相反，中午牠們躲進陰影。
(C) 錯：文章明確說蜥蜴是 ectothermic，跟哺乳類不同。
(D) 錯：文章說早上要曬太陽（需要熱），不是偏好冷。

題型 4：修辭目的題 (Rhetorical Purpose Question)

它在考什麼？ 測驗你理解作者為什麼要寫某句話/某個段落的能力 — 不是問「作者說了什麼」，而是問「作者為什麼要這麼說」。

如何辨認？

Why does the author mention X in paragraph Y?
The author discusses X in order to…?
Why does the author include the information about X?
What is the purpose of paragraph X?

解題三步驟：

定位句子 (Locate the Target)：找到題目問的那句話。
看上下文邏輯 (Check Logical Flow)：往前看 1-2 句，這句話是舉例說明前面論點？還是對比？還是因果？還是轉折？
選「功能」不是選「內容」 (Choose Function, Not Content)：不要選「那句話在說什麼」，要選「那句話在做什麼」。

常見的修辭功能：

功能	信號詞/模式	例
舉例說明 (Illustrate)	for example, for instance, such as	”To illustrate the concept with a specific case”
反駁/對比 (Contrast)	however, in contrast, on the other hand	”To present an opposing viewpoint”
支持論點 (Support)	indeed, in fact, specifically	”To provide evidence for the claim”
解釋原因 (Explain Cause)	because, as a result, therefore	”To explain why a phenomenon occurs”
提出問題 (Raise Issue)	開頭段落，問句	”To introduce a problem that will be addressed”

練習範例：

Passage excerpt: The collapse of the Maya civilization in the 9th century has long puzzled archaeologists. Various theories have been proposed, including warfare, drought, and environmental degradation. Some researchers point to evidence of prolonged drought preserved in lake sediments from the Yucatan Peninsula. These sediment cores show a dramatic decrease in precipitation between 800 and 1000 CE, precisely the period when major Maya urban centers were abandoned.

Question: Why does the author mention “lake sediments from the Yucatan Peninsula”?

(A) To describe the geography of the Maya region
(B) To provide evidence supporting one theory about the Maya collapse
(C) To argue that drought was NOT the cause of the Maya collapse
(D) To compare the Maya civilization with other ancient societies

答案與解析：

正確答案：(B)。“Some researchers point to evidence of prolonged drought preserved in lake sediments” — 前面說乾旱是一個理論，後面提出湖底沉積物的證據，這就是「為理論提供證據」。
(A) 錯：目的不是介紹地理。
(C) 錯：正好相反，是支持乾旱理論。
(D) 錯：沒有做比較。

題型 5：字彙題 (Vocabulary Question)

它在考什麼？ 測驗你在上下文中判斷某個單字或片語的意思。不考你的 passive vocabulary，而是考你能否用上下文推敲字義。

如何辨認？

The word “X” in the passage is closest in meaning to…?
The phrase “X” in paragraph Y is closest in meaning to…?

解題三步驟：

讀前後文 (Read Context)：讀目標詞的前後句子。這個詞的語氣是正面還是負面？是描述動作還是狀態？
猜測詞義 (Guess the Meaning)：先自己用上下文猜這個詞的意思，不要先看選項（避免被誤導）。
代入驗證 (Substitution Test)：把你的猜測跟選項比較，把最接近的選項代入原文，看看通不通順。

練習範例：

Passage excerpt: The professor’s lecture was so abstruse that even the most diligent students in the front row were struggling to follow her argument. Several attendees exchanged puzzled glances, and one student finally raised her hand to ask for clarification on a particularly confusing point.

Question: The word “abstruse” in the passage is closest in meaning to:

(A) lengthy
(B) entertaining
(C) difficult to understand
(D) poorly delivered

答案與解析：

正確答案：(C)。上下文的線索：“struggling to follow”、“puzzled glances”、“asked for clarification”、“confusing point” — 全部指向「難以理解」。
(A) “lengthy”：文章沒提到長度。
(B) “entertaining”：學生在困惑，不是開心。
(D) “poorly delivered”：題目問的是 lecture 的內容（abstruse），不是 delivery。

題型 6：指代題 (Reference Question)

它在考什麼？ 測驗你辨認代名詞（it, they, this, that, these, those, which）所指的對象。

如何辨認？

The word “it” in paragraph X refers to…?
The word “they” refers to…?

解題三步驟：

往前找 (Look Backward)：代名詞的指代對象一定在前面的句子（通常是前一句的主詞或受詞）。
文法配對 (Grammar Match)：單數/複數要對，人/物要對。
代入驗證 (Substitution Test)：把找到的對象代入代名詞的位置，看句子是否通順合邏輯。

練習範例：

Passage excerpt: Honeybees communicate the location of food sources through a complex series of movements known as the “waggle dance.” It conveys both the direction and distance of nectar-rich flowers relative to the position of the sun.

Question: The word “It” in the passage refers to:

(A) honeybees
(B) food sources
(C) the waggle dance
(D) the sun

答案與解析：

正確答案：(C)。前一句的主詞是 “a complex series of movements known as the ‘waggle dance’“，代名詞 It 指的就是 waggle dance。驗證：“The waggle dance conveys both the direction and distance” — 通順合理。
(A) 錯：複數 (bees) 不能用 It。
(B) 錯：複數 (sources)。
(D) 錯：前一句確實有 sun，但 “The sun conveys both the direction…” 不合邏輯。

題型 7：句子簡化題 (Sentence Simplification Question)

它在考什麼？ 測驗你是否理解一個複雜句的核心邏輯關係，並選出保留關鍵資訊、不改變原意的簡化版本。

如何辨認？

Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect choices change the meaning or leave out essential information.

解題四步驟：

拆解句子結構 (Deconstruct the Sentence)：找出主句 (main clause) 和從屬子句 (subordinate clause)。誰是主體？誰在修飾？
辨認邏輯關係 (Identify Logic)：因果 (because, therefore)？讓步 (although)？條件 (if)？並列 (and)？
找出核心資訊 (Extract Core)：拿掉修飾語，剩下什麼？這就是 essential information。
比對選項 (Compare)：正確答案保留核心資訊+邏輯關係。錯誤選項通常：加入原文沒有的資訊、漏掉關鍵資訊、邏輯關係錯誤。

練習範例：

Highlighted sentence: Although early theories attributed the extinction of the dinosaurs solely to a massive asteroid impact, more recent evidence suggests that volcanic activity in what is now India may have already weakened ecosystems, making them vulnerable to the catastrophic effects of the collision.

Question: Which of the following best expresses the essential information?

(A) A massive asteroid impact was the sole cause of dinosaur extinction.
(B) Recent evidence indicates that both volcanic activity and an asteroid impact contributed to the extinction of the dinosaurs.
(C) Volcanic activity in India was the primary cause of the extinction, and the asteroid impact was irrelevant.
(D) An asteroid impact weakened ecosystems, making them vulnerable to volcanic activity.

答案與解析：

正確答案：(B)。原文邏輯：“雖然早期理論說只有隕石，但新證據說火山先弱化生態，讓撞擊更具毀滅性”= 兩個因素都有貢獻。
(A) 錯：這是 early theories，跟原文核心（recent evidence 的觀點）相反。
(C) 錯：原文沒說隕石 “irrelevant”。
(D) 錯：因果關係顛倒了（是火山弱化生態，不是隕石弱化生態）。

題型 8：插入句子題 (Insert Text Question)

它在考什麼？ 測驗你理解文章邏輯連貫性的能力，把一個句子插入到最適當的位置。

如何辨認？ 題目會在文章中的四個位置標記 [A] [B] [C] [D]，問你 “Where would the sentence best fit?”

解題三步驟：

分析插入句 (Analyze the Inserted Sentence)：這句話裡面有沒有代名詞（指向前面的東西）？有沒有轉折詞（however, therefore, in addition）？有沒有重複前面提到過的概念？
找銜接線索 (Find Links)：
- 代名詞 (this, these, it) → 前一句要有先行詞
- 轉折詞 (however, therefore) → 前句要先有相反的論點或原因
- 具體例子 → 前句要有概括性陳述
- 概括性陳述 → 後句要有具體說明
測試每個位置 (Test Each Position)：快速驗證插入後前後文是否順暢。

練習範例：

Passage: [A] The invention of the printing press in the 15th century revolutionized the spread of information. [B] Before Gutenberg’s innovation, books were painstakingly copied by hand, making them rare and extremely expensive. [C] The printing press enabled the mass production of texts, dramatically reducing their cost. [D] This technological advancement is widely credited with accelerating the Protestant Reformation, as Martin Luther’s ideas could be disseminated across Europe with unprecedented speed.

Insert sentence: “This newfound accessibility meant that knowledge was no longer the exclusive domain of the wealthy elite and the clergy.”

Question: Where would the sentence best fit?

答案與解析：

正確答案：[C]。“This newfound accessibility” 指向前面說的 “dramatically reducing their cost”（降低成本=更容易取得）。插入在 [C] 之後，銜接後面的 “technological advancement…”，前後都通順。
[A] 前：沒有 “accessibility” 的概念可指代。
[B] 前：前面沒有提到 accessibility 增加。
[D] 後：前面已跳到 Reformation 的影響，突然回頭講 accessibility 會打斷邏輯。

題型 9：文章摘要題 (Prose Summary Question)

它在考什麼？ 測驗你是否理解整篇文章的主旨與主要論點。你會看到 6 個選項，要選出 3 個最能總結全文大意的敘述。

給分方式：

選對 3 個：2 分 (滿分)
選對 2 個：1 分
選對 0-1 個：0 分

如何辨認？

“An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.”

解題三步驟：

先看主題句 (Read the Introductory Sentence)：題目會給你一句引導摘要句，這句告訴你文章的核心主題。
排除細節干擾 (Eliminate Details)：錯誤選項通常：
- 是次要細節（例子、數據、小故事），不是主要論點
- 文章沒提到的資訊
- 與文章觀點相反的敘述
選三個主要論點 (Select 3 Main Ideas)：每段的 topic sentence 最有可能是主要論點。選項 = 一句話概括一個段落。

威威老師小提醒

這是閱讀中最難的題型，也是最容易拿 0 分的題型。我的建議：做完整篇文章的其他題目後，你已經對文章有全面了解了，這時再回來做 Summary 題會更有效率。如果來不及，最少猜對 2 個拿 1 分！

練習範例（配對文章摘要題）：

Passage summary (主題句): The passage discusses three major factors that contributed to the decline of the Roman Empire.

選項：

(A) The Roman military became increasingly reliant on foreign mercenaries who lacked loyalty to Rome. ✓ (主要論點 — 軍事因素)
(B) Roman aqueducts, some of which still stand today, transported water over hundreds of kilometers. ✗ (次要細節，不是主要論點)
(C) Economic instability, including currency devaluation and excessive taxation, weakened the empire’s foundation. ✓ (主要論點 — 經濟因素)
(D) Political corruption and frequent leadership changes created administrative chaos. ✓ (主要論點 — 政治因素)
(E) The Colosseum could seat up to 50,000 spectators for gladiatorial contests. ✗ (無關的細節)
(F) Roman roads were built with multiple layers of stone and gravel for durability. ✗ (無關的細節)

題型 10：表格填空題 (Fill in a Table Question)

它在考什麼？ 測驗你對文章結構的理解 — 特別是比較/對比或分類型的文章。你要把選項歸類到正確的類別。

如何辨認？

“Complete the table below to summarize information about X and Y discussed in the passage.”

解題三步驟：

理解分類框架 (Understand the Categories)：表格的欄位是什麼？兩個事物比較？兩個理論對比？因果鏈？
掃讀選項歸類 (Scan and Categorize)：每個選項描述的是哪一類？用關鍵字回文章定位確認。
排除不相關選項 (Eliminate Irrelevant Ones)：通常會有 7 個選項但只選 5 個（例如 3 個放左欄、2 個放右欄），剩下的 2 個是「兩者都無關」的錯誤選項。

三、學術文章結構分析

TOEFL 的文章跟學測不一樣 — 它看起來像大學教科書的節錄。了解文章結構對答題很有幫助。

學術文章四大結構

結構類型	常見主題	段落模式	關鍵信號詞
分類型 (Classification)	生物分類、藝術流派、地質類型	第 1 段概述分類體系，之後各段介紹一個類別	can be divided into, one type, another category, classified as
因果型 (Cause & Effect)	歷史事件、經濟現象、生態變遷	先描述現象，再分析多重原因或影響	as a result, consequently, led to, contributed to, triggered
比較對比型 (Compare & Contrast)	兩個理論、兩種文化、兩個時期	逐點對比 (point-by-point) 或先完整介紹 A 再 B	in contrast, similarly, on the other hand, whereas, unlike
問題解決型 (Problem & Solution)	環境問題、科技挑戰、社會議題	提出問題 → 分析原因 → 各種解決方案 → 評估	a major challenge, one approach, to address this, proposed solution

段落功能辨認表

段落位置	常見功能
第 1 段	介紹主題、提出問題、背景資訊 (Introduction)
中間段	發展論點、舉例說明、提供證據 (Body - Development)
倒數第 2 段	轉折、例外情況、反方觀點 (Counterargument / Exception)
最後段	總結、結論、影響/意義 (Conclusion / Implication)

四、主動閱讀策略

略讀 (Skimming) — 30-60 秒

略讀目的是建立「文章的 mental map」，不是讀懂每個字。

略讀三件事：

讀標題 + 第一段前兩句 (grab the main topic)
讀每段第一句 (topic sentence)
讀最後一段最後一句 (conclusion / main idea)

掃讀 (Scanning) — 每題 10-20 秒

掃讀是在文章中快速搜尋關鍵資訊。用在事實資訊題、字彙題、指代題。

掃讀要訣：

眼睛只看名詞和數字，跳過虛詞
用關鍵字的「形狀」來定位（大寫字母、數字特別好找）

結構化筆記 (Structured Note-taking)

一邊讀一邊做簡短筆記，這對最後的 Summary 題幫助極大。

筆記格式：

Topic: ______________________________

P1: [主旨一句話]
  - 關鍵概念 1
  - 關鍵概念 2

P2: [主旨一句話]
  - 關鍵概念 / 例子

P3: ...

五、常考學術領域詞彙

生物學 (Biology) — 出題率最高

英文單字	中文	記憶法
metabolism	新陳代謝	metabolic rate = 代謝率
photosynthesis	光合作用	photo (光) + synthesis (合成)
organism	生物體	microorganism = 微生物
ecosystem	生態系統	ecosystem balance
biodiversity	生物多樣性	bio (生命) + diversity
adaptation	適應	adapt to environment
species	物種	endangered species = 瀕危物種
predator	掠食者	predator-prey relationship
habitat	棲息地	natural habitat
extinction	滅絕	mass extinction
evolution	演化	evolutionary process
mutation	突變	genetic mutation
enzyme	酵素	digestive enzyme
hormone	荷爾蒙	hormone regulation
cell	細胞	cell division / membrane
gene	基因	genetic inheritance
fossil	化石	fossil record
vertebrate / invertebrate	脊椎/無脊椎動物
mammal / reptile / amphibian	哺乳/爬蟲/兩棲類
symbiosis	共生關係	symbiotic relationship

天文學 (Astronomy)

英文單字	中文	記憶法
celestial	天體的	celestial body
orbit	軌道	orbital period
galaxy	星系	Milky Way galaxy
nebula	星雲	stellar nebula
asteroid	小行星	asteroid belt
comet	彗星	comet tail
satellite	衛星	natural satellite (=moon)
gravitational	重力的	gravitational pull
telescope	望遠鏡	space telescope
constellation	星座	star constellation
atmosphere	大氣層	atmospheric pressure
radiation	輻射	cosmic radiation
fusion	融合反應	nuclear fusion
planet / dwarf planet	行星/矮行星
solar	太陽的	solar system / solar wind

地質學 (Geology)

英文單字	中文	記憶法
tectonic	板塊構造的	tectonic plates
earthquake	地震	seismic activity
volcano / volcanic	火山/火山的	volcanic eruption
erosion	侵蝕	soil erosion
sediment	沉積物	sedimentary rock
crust / mantle / core	地殼/地函/地核	Earth’s layers
glacier	冰川	glacial movement
fossil fuel	化石燃料	coal, oil, natural gas
mineral	礦物	mineral deposit
strata (複) / stratum (單)	地層	rock strata
continent	大陸	continental drift
magma / lava	岩漿 (地下/噴出後)
prehistoric	史前的	prehistoric era
plateau / plain / basin	高原/平原/盆地
weathering	風化	chemical weathering

歷史學 (History)

英文單字	中文	記憶法
civilization	文明	ancient civilization
empire	帝國	the Roman Empire
colony / colonial	殖民地/殖民的	colonial rule
revolution	革命	political revolution
agriculture	農業	agricultural society
trade route	貿易路線	Silk Road trade route
monarchy / democracy	君主制/民主制
migration	遷徙	human migration
industrial	工業的	Industrial Revolution
conquest	征服	military conquest
artifact	文物/人工製品	archaeological artifact
dynasty	朝代	ruling dynasty
economy / economic	經濟/經濟的	economic growth
settlement	聚落	early human settlement
manuscript	手稿	ancient manuscript

藝術史 (Art History)

英文單字	中文	記憶法
renaissance	文藝復興	Renaissance art
sculpture	雕塑	marble sculpture
portrait / landscape	肖像畫/風景畫
aesthetic	美學的	aesthetic value
pigment	顏料	natural pigment
perspective	透視法	linear perspective
realism / abstract	寫實主義/抽象
exhibition	展覽	art exhibition
patron	贊助者	wealthy patron
canvas	畫布	oil on canvas
fresco	壁畫	fresco painting
impressionism	印象派	Impressionist movement
architecture	建築	Gothic architecture
engraving / etching	雕刻版畫/蝕刻版畫
commission	委託創作	commissioned by

心理學 (Psychology)

英文單字	中文	記憶法
cognition / cognitive	認知/認知的	cognitive development
behavior	行為	behavioral pattern
stimulus	刺激	external stimulus
perception	感知	visual perception
memory	記憶	short-term / long-term memory
emotion	情緒	emotional response
motivation	動機	intrinsic motivation
consciousness	意識	unconscious mind
bias	偏見/偏差	cognitive bias
reinforcement	增強	positive reinforcement
experiment	實驗	controlled experiment
attention span	注意力持續時間
conditioning	制約	classical conditioning
personality	人格	personality trait
disorder	疾患	anxiety disorder

六、時間管理策略（35 分鐘完整規劃）

時間區間	做什麼
0:00 - 3:00	略讀文章 1 (skimming)：標題+每段第一句，建立 mental map
3:00 - 15:00	做文章 1 的 10 題 (字彙題→事實題→推論題→摘要題最後)
15:00 - 18:00	略讀文章 2，同上策略
18:00 - 33:00	做文章 2 的 10 題
33:00 - 35:00	回頭檢查不確定的題目 (不要改答案，只改明顯錯誤)

做題順序建議（同一篇文章）：

先做字彙題 (Vocabulary) — 最快，建立信心
再做事實資訊題、否定事實題、指代題 — 能在文章中直接找到答案
再做推論題、修辭目的題 — 需要多想一步
做插入句子題 — 需要對文章結構有理解
最後做摘要題 (Prose Summary) 或表格題 — 需要對全文有全面掌握

威威老師小提醒

遇到卡關的題目怎麼辦？30 秒法則：想超過 30 秒還沒有頭緒，就 mark 起來跳過，先做下一題。卡住一題可能浪費你 3-5 分鐘，足夠做完 2-3 題簡單題了！

七、完整練習段落

Practice Passage 1: The Role of Bees in Agriculture

Honeybees are far more than producers of honey; they are the unsung heroes of global agriculture. Through the process of pollination — the transfer of pollen from the male part of a flower to the female part — bees enable plants to reproduce. Approximately 75% of the world’s flowering plants and about 35% of global food crops depend at least in part on animal pollinators, with honeybees being the most significant contributor.

The economic value of bee pollination is staggering. In the United States alone, honeybee pollination services are estimated to be worth between $15 an d$ 20 billion annually. Crops such as almonds, apples, blueberries, and cucumbers rely heavily on bee pollination. In fact, California’s almond industry, which produces over 80% of the world’s almonds, is almost entirely dependent on managed honeybee colonies. Each February, more than 1.5 million beehives are transported to California’s Central Valley to pollinate almond orchards — the largest managed pollination event in the world.

However, bee populations are facing an unprecedented crisis. Since 2006, beekeepers in North America and Europe have reported alarming losses of 30-50% of their colonies each winter, a phenomenon known as Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD). While the exact causes of CCD remain debated, researchers have identified several contributing factors: the widespread use of neonicotinoid pesticides, the spread of parasitic mites such as Varroa destructor, habitat loss due to intensive monoculture farming, and climate change affecting flowering schedules.

The consequences of pollinator decline extend beyond economics. Reduced bee populations threaten biodiversity, as wild plants that rely on bees for reproduction also suffer. This can trigger a cascade effect throughout ecosystems, affecting other wildlife that depends on those plants for food and shelter. Scientists warn that without urgent action — including stricter pesticide regulations, habitat restoration, and sustainable farming practices — the continued decline of bees could have profound implications for both global food security and ecological stability.

Questions 1-10

1. According to paragraph 1, what percentage of global food crops depend at least partly on animal pollinators?

(A) 75%
(B) 50%
(C) 35%
(D) 20%

2. The word “staggering” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to:

(A) uncertain
(B) astonishing
(C) gradual
(D) declining

3. Why does the author mention California’s almond industry in paragraph 2?

(A) To argue that almonds are more important than other crops
(B) To provide a specific example of an industry that depends on bee pollination
(C) To explain why California has more bees than other states
(D) To suggest that almonds should be grown without bees

4. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor contributing to bee decline?

(A) Pesticide use
(B) Parasitic mites
(C) Air pollution from factories
(D) Climate change

5. The word “they” in paragraph 1 refers to:

(A) honey
(B) producers
(C) bees
(D) flowers

6. What can be inferred from paragraph 3 about Colony Collapse Disorder?

(A) Scientists have identified a single clear cause
(B) The problem is likely the result of multiple interacting factors
(C) It only affects beehives in Europe
(D) It has been completely solved by pesticide regulations

7. The phrase “cascade effect” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to:

(A) a minor inconvenience
(B) a chain reaction starting from one event
(C) a predictable seasonal change
(D) a deliberate human intervention

8. Look at the four squares [ ] in the passage. Where would this sentence best fit?

“Without these bees, many of the foods we take for granted would become scarce and prohibitively expensive.” Choose from: [A] after paragraph 2, sentence about almond industry. [B] after paragraph 1, sentence about 35%. [C] at the end of paragraph 2. [D] at the beginning of paragraph 4.

(Placement: The sentence connects economic value (paragraph 2) with consequences of decline (paragraph 4), making [C] at the end of paragraph 2 the best fit as a transition.)

9. Directions: An introductory sentence for a summary is provided below. Select THREE answers.

Introductory sentence: “The passage discusses the importance of bees to agriculture and the threats they face.”

(A) Honeybees are the most important pollinators, contributing to about one-third of global food production. ✓
(B) Almonds are California’s most profitable agricultural export, generating billions in revenue. ✗ (too specific, a detail)
(C) Bee pollination services are valued between $15 an d$ 20 billion annually in the US alone. ✓
(D) The combination of pesticides, parasites, habitat loss, and climate change has caused severe bee population decline. ✓
(E) Beekeepers in Florida have developed a new method for transporting hives across the country. ✗ (not mentioned)
(F) Wild plants also depend on bees, so pollinator decline threatens broader ecosystem health. ✓

10. What is the main purpose of the last paragraph?

(A) To describe the biology of bee pollination
(B) To discuss the broader ecological implications of bee decline beyond economics
(C) To propose a specific solution to Colony Collapse Disorder
(D) To criticize California almond farmers for their practices

Answer Key — Passage 1

題號	答案	題型	解析
1	C	Factual	原文：“about 35% of global food crops depend…“
2	B	Vocabulary	staggering = 驚人的。上下文說經濟價值”staggering”，後面給出鉅額數字。
3	B	Rhetorical Purpose	前句泛泛說 bees 很重要，後面舉加州杏仁產業當具體例子。
4	C	Negative Factual	文章提到農藥、寄生蟲、棲地流失、氣候變遷 — 唯獨沒提工廠空汙。
5	C	Reference	前一句主詞是 “Honeybees”。
6	B	Inference	原文：“While the exact causes… remain debated, researchers have identified several contributing factors” = 原因是多重交互的。
7	B	Vocabulary	cascade effect = 連鎖效應。後面說「影響其他野生動物」，就是 chain reaction。
8	C	Insert Text	這句話總結經濟影響，並暗示未來的負面後果，最適合放 P2 結尾作為轉折。
9	A, C, D	Prose Summary	三個主要論點：蜜蜂的重要性 (A+C)、蜜蜂面臨的威脅 (D)。B 太細、E 未提、F 雖正確但與 C 高度重疊，TS 只選 3 個。
10	B	Rhetorical Purpose	最後段開頭說 “extend beyond economics”，之後講生態影響。

Practice Passage 2: The Mystery of the Anasazi

The Ancestral Puebloans, often referred to as the Anasazi, were one of the most sophisticated pre-Columbian civilizations in North America. Flourishing in the Four Corners region — where present-day Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah meet — they constructed elaborate stone cliff dwellings, developed advanced irrigation systems, and created a complex society that peaked between 900 and 1150 CE. At their height, the Anasazi built remarkable structures such as the Cliff Palace at Mesa Verde, which housed over 100 people in multi-story rooms carved into canyon walls.

Then, quite suddenly, the Anasazi abandoned their grand settlements. By 1300 CE, the sprawling cliff dwellings and pueblos that had supported thousands stood empty. For decades, archaeologists attributed this dramatic depopulation to a single catastrophic drought. Tree-ring data from the region does indicate a prolonged period of reduced rainfall between 1276 and 1299, which would have severely impacted maize agriculture — the cornerstone of Anasazi subsistence. A civilization dependent on rainfall for its crops would have found survival nearly impossible during such an extended dry spell.

However, more recent scholarship suggests the story is more complicated. While drought was undoubtedly a significant stressor, researchers now believe the Anasazi collapse resulted from a cascade of interrelated factors. Archaeological evidence reveals signs of increasing violence during the final decades of occupation — defensive walls, burned structures, and skeletons with unhealed trauma wounds. This suggests that resource scarcity may have triggered internal conflict and possibly warfare between neighboring communities.

Furthermore, the Anasazi may have been victims of their own environmental management. Deforestation — caused by the cutting of trees for construction and fuel — likely led to soil erosion, further reducing agricultural productivity. Combined with the drought, this environmental degradation would have created a feedback loop: fewer resources led to more competition, which led to more deforestation as communities desperately tried to expand farming, which in turn further degraded the land.

Modern archaeologists increasingly view the Anasazi story not as a sudden “collapse” but as a migration and transformation. Many Ancestral Puebloans moved southward to join related communities along the Rio Grande, where their descendants — the modern Pueblo peoples — continue to live today. The cliff dwellings were not a scene of extinction but a waypoint in a long history of adaptation and resilience.

Questions 1-10

1. According to paragraph 1, what is one achievement of the Anasazi?

(A) They established trade routes across the Pacific Ocean
(B) They built multi-story stone dwellings in canyon walls
(C) They developed the first written language in North America
(D) They domesticated horses for transportation

2. The word “prolonged” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to:

(A) brief
(B) interrupted
(C) extended
(D) seasonal

3. Why does the author mention “tree-ring data” in paragraph 2?

(A) To explain how the Anasazi built their cliff dwellings
(B) To provide evidence for the drought hypothesis
(C) To show that the Anasazi practiced advanced forestry
(D) To compare the Anasazi with other ancient civilizations

4. According to paragraph 3, what evidence suggests increasing violence among the Anasazi?

(A) Imported weapons from Central America
(B) Written records describing battles
(C) Defensive walls and skeletons with trauma wounds
(D) Mass graves containing thousands of bodies

5. The phrase “this” in paragraph 3 (“this suggests that resource scarcity…”) refers to:

(A) the drought
(B) archaeological evidence of violence
(C) the abandonment of cliff dwellings
(D) the tree-ring data

6. What can be inferred from paragraph 4 about the Anasazi’s relationship with their environment?

(A) They intentionally destroyed their forests as a religious practice
(B) Their farming practices may have worsened the very conditions that threatened their survival
(C) They had access to unlimited natural resources
(D) Climate change did not affect their agricultural practices

7. The phrase “feedback loop” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to:

(A) a system where the output becomes input, amplifying the original effect
(B) a communication method between two separate groups
(C) a plan for recovering lost resources
(D) a type of musical performance in Anasazi culture

8. Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? “Combined with the drought, this environmental degradation would have created a feedback loop: fewer resources led to more competition, which led to more deforestation as communities desperately tried to expand farming, which in turn further degraded the land.”

(A) The Anasazi’s farming techniques were so advanced that they overcame drought conditions
(B) Drought alone caused the complete destruction of Anasazi forests
(C) Environmental damage and drought reinforced each other, creating an escalating cycle of resource destruction
(D) The Anasazi chose to abandon their land because farming became too difficult

9. Directions: Select THREE options that express the most important ideas.

Introductory sentence: “The passage discusses theories about why the Anasazi abandoned their settlements.”

(A) The Anasazi built sophisticated cliff dwellings that housed thousands of people. ✗ (too specific)
(B) A prolonged drought severely affected maize agriculture in the Four Corners region. ✓
(C) Internal violence, possibly driven by resource competition, contributed to the society’s decline. ✓
(D) Environmental degradation caused by deforestation worsened the effects of the drought. ✓
(E) Mesa Verde’s Cliff Palace is now a UNESCO World Heritage site visited by millions. ✗ (not mentioned as such)
(F) Modern Pueblo peoples are the direct ancestors of the Anasazi. ✗ (detail, not a main cause argument)

10. What is the author’s main argument about the Anasazi’s fate, as presented in the final paragraph?

(A) The Anasazi went extinct due to drought and war
(B) The story is better understood as migration and transformation rather than a complete collapse
(C) The Anasazi were conquered by a more powerful neighboring civilization
(D) Archaeologists now agree that climate change played no role whatsoever

Answer Key — Passage 2

題號	答案	題型	解析
1	B	Factual	”constructed elaborate stone cliff dwellings”, 如 Cliff Palace。
2	C	Vocabulary	prolonged = 持續很久的。從 1276-1299 是長時間。
3	B	Rhetorical Purpose	前句說 drought theory，接著用 tree-ring data 當證據支持。
4	C	Factual	”defensive walls, burned structures, and skeletons with unhealed trauma wounds”。
5	B	Reference	”This” 指前一句說的考古證據（暴力跡象）。
6	B	Inference	”victims of their own environmental management” — 他們的行為（砍樹）讓環境惡化，回頭威脅到自己。
7	A	Vocabulary	feedback loop = 反饋循環，輸出回頭變成輸入加劇效應。
8	C	Sentence Simplification	核心：乾旱+環境破壞互相強化，形成惡性循環。
9	B, C, D	Prose Summary	三個主要解釋原因：乾旱 (B)、內部衝突 (C)、環境破壞 (D)。
10	B	Rhetorical Purpose	最後一段主旨：“not as a sudden ‘collapse’ but as a migration and transformation”。

八、閱讀常見陷阱與應對

陷阱類型	說明	破解方法
字面複製 (Verbatim Trap)	選項用字跟原文一模一樣	正確答案幾乎都是改寫過的 (paraphrase)，注意同意替換
極端詞 (Extreme Language)	選項用 always, never, completely, only	學術文章很少用極端詞，優先排除
亂湊因果 (False Causality)	選項把原文兩個不相關的事連在一起	確認文章真的有建立這個因果關係
偷換主詞 (Subject Switch)	選項把 A 的特徵放在 B 身上	檢查選項主詞是否跟原文一致
過度推論 (Over-inference)	推太遠，推兩步三步	TOEFL 只推一步，做最保守的推論

威威老師的最後一句話

TOEFL 閱讀不考你的背景知識，不考你多聰明——它只考一件事：

「你能不能準確找到文章中『寫了什麼、暗示了什麼』。」

與其想「這個我覺得對不對」——不如問「文章有沒有說」？

3 大成功要素：

同義改寫識別——TOEFL 答案 90% 是 paraphrase

時間管理——每篇 17 分鐘不能爆

不要過度推論——TOEFL 只推一步

12 週有計畫地練——TOEFL Reading 從 18 衝到 28+！

我們閱讀場上見！📚🚂

回到： TOEFL 總覽 | 跨技能： 聽力策略 | 口說策略 | 寫作策略

TOEFL-Reading

威威老師的 TOEFL Reading 閱讀完全攻略 📚🎓

一、測驗基本資訊

二、TOEFL 閱讀的 10 大題型

題型總覽

三、各題型詳細攻略

題型 1：事實資訊題 (Factual Information Question)

題型 2：否定事實題 (Negative Factual Question)

題型 3：推論題 (Inference Question)

題型 4：修辭目的題 (Rhetorical Purpose Question)

題型 5：字彙題 (Vocabulary Question)

題型 6：指代題 (Reference Question)

題型 7：句子簡化題 (Sentence Simplification Question)

題型 8：插入句子題 (Insert Text Question)

題型 9：文章摘要題 (Prose Summary Question)

題型 10：表格填空題 (Fill in a Table Question)

三、學術文章結構分析

學術文章四大結構

段落功能辨認表

四、主動閱讀策略

略讀 (Skimming) — 30-60 秒

掃讀 (Scanning) — 每題 10-20 秒

結構化筆記 (Structured Note-taking)

五、常考學術領域詞彙

生物學 (Biology) — 出題率最高

天文學 (Astronomy)

地質學 (Geology)

歷史學 (History)

藝術史 (Art History)

心理學 (Psychology)

六、時間管理策略（35 分鐘完整規劃）

七、完整練習段落

Practice Passage 1: The Role of Bees in Agriculture

Questions 1-10

Answer Key — Passage 1

Practice Passage 2: The Mystery of the Anasazi

Questions 1-10

Answer Key — Passage 2

八、閱讀常見陷阱與應對

威威學習信

關係圖譜

目錄

反向連結