TOEFL 學術文法精準練習
威威老師小提醒
TOEFL 不直接考文法選擇題，但寫作和口說的文法錯誤直接扣分。這份檔案有 70 題，針對 TOEFL 寫作中最常出問題的文法精準度。
Topic 1: 名詞化與抽象表達（10 題）
重點
TOEFL 學術寫作偏好名詞化（nominalization）：
口語：He decided to investigate.
學術：His decision to investigate / The investigation he undertook
Q1. The _______ of the policy has had unintended consequences. (A) implement (B) implemented (C) implementing (D) implementation
Q2. Her _______ of the data revealed several patterns. (A) analyze (B) analyzed (C) analysis (D) analytical
Q3. The _______ of the new system requires careful planning. (A) introduce (B) introduced (C) introduction (D) introducing
Q4. Critics have called for a _______ of current practices. (A) reconsider (B) reconsidering (C) reconsideration (D) reconsidered
Q5. The _______ between socioeconomic status and health outcomes is well-documented. (A) correlate (B) correlation (C) correlated (D) correlating
Q6. Their _______ to reach an agreement disappointed everyone. (A) fail (B) failed (C) failing (D) failure
Q7. The _______ of the experiment confirmed our hypothesis. (A) result (B) results (C) resulted (D) resulting
Q8. _______ of these findings remains contested among experts. (A) Interpret (B) Interpreted (C) Interpretation (D) Interpreting
Q9. The _______ of new technology often disrupts traditional industries. (A) emerge (B) emerged (C) emergent (D) emergence
Q10. Their _______ of the proposal was met with applause. (A) endorse (B) endorsed (C) endorsement (D) endorsing
Topic 2: 主詞動詞一致（10 題）
重點
長主詞容易讓人混淆，要找到真正的主詞：
The number of students [who applied for this program] HAS increased.
↑ 主詞是 number（單數）
Q11. The data _______ that climate change is accelerating. (A) suggest (B) suggests (C) Both A and B (D) None
Q12. Each of the studies _______ different conclusions. (A) reaches (B) reach (C) reaching (D) reached
Q13. A series of experiments _______ been conducted. (A) have (B) has (C) Both A and B (D) None
Q14. Neither the professor nor the students _______ aware of the change. (A) was (B) were (C) is (D) am
Q15. The committee, along with several advisors, _______ on the proposal. (A) is voting (B) are voting (C) Both A and B (D) None
Q16. Statistics _______ a fascinating field of study. (A) is (B) are (C) Both A and B (D) None
Q17. The number of climate refugees _______ increasing rapidly. (A) is (B) are (C) have (D) were
Q18. A number of factors _______ to consider. (A) is (B) are (C) was (D) None
Q19. Mathematics _______ essential for engineering. (A) is (B) are (C) Both A and B (D) None
Q20. Either the textbook or the supplementary readings _______ outdated. (A) is (B) are (C) Both A and B (D) None
Topic 3: 平行結構（10 題）
重點
列舉項目要同一語法形式：
❌ The study shows that students learn better when they:
- have clear goals,
- feel supported,
- working in groups.
✅ ...working in groups → work in groups（保持原形）
Q21. The author argues that education should foster creativity, develop critical thinking, and _______ collaboration. (A) promote (B) promoting (C) to promote (D) promoted
Q22. Effective leaders are visionary, decisive, and _______ . (A) inspire (B) inspiring (C) inspired (D) inspiration
Q23. The professor’s lecture was clear, concise, and _______ . (A) inform (B) informative (C) informing (D) informed
Q24. Researchers must collect data, analyze findings, and _______ conclusions. (A) draw (B) drawing (C) to draw (D) drawn
Q25. The new policy aims not only to reduce pollution but also _______ economic growth. (A) promote (B) to promote (C) promoting (D) promoted
Q26. She is known for her intelligence, dedication, and _______ to others. (A) kind (B) kindness (C) kindly (D) kinds
Q27. Effective writing requires reading widely, thinking deeply, and _______ regularly. (A) write (B) writes (C) writing (D) written
Q28. The book is informative, engaging, and _______ relevant. (A) culture (B) cultural (C) culturally (D) cultures
Q29. Sustainable development means meeting current needs without _______ future generations. (A) compromise (B) compromised (C) compromising (D) to compromise
Q30. Critical thinking involves questioning assumptions, evaluating evidence, and _______ conclusions logically. (A) draw (B) draws (C) drawing (D) drawn
Topic 4: 時態的精準運用（10 題）
重點
TOEFL 寫作的時態錯誤超常見：
✅ Researchers have been studying climate change for decades.
（持續到現在 → 現在完成進行）
✅ The 2018 study found that...
（特定過去事件 → 過去式）
✅ Scientists believe / argue / suggest that...
（學術觀點通常用現在式）
Q31. Researchers _______ this phenomenon since the 1990s. (A) studied (B) study (C) have been studying (D) had studied
Q32. The 2020 paper _______ a new theory. (A) proposes (B) proposed (C) has proposed (D) had proposed
Q33. By the time he completed his thesis, he _______ for ten years. (A) studied (B) had studied (C) had been studying (D) studies
Q34. Many scientists _______ that consciousness emerges from neural activity. (A) believed (B) believe (C) had believed (D) was believing
Q35. Although the theory _______ controversial in the 1980s, it is now widely accepted. (A) is (B) was (C) has been (D) had been
Q36. This phenomenon _______ the subject of intense debate for years. (A) is (B) has been (C) was being (D) had been
Q37. Once the experiment _______ , we will analyze the results. (A) completes (B) is completed (C) was completed (D) has completed
Q38. The data _______ collected over a five-year period before analysis began. (A) is (B) was (C) had been (D) Both B and C
Q39. By 2050, the global population _______ 9 billion. (A) reaches (B) will reach (C) will have reached (D) had reached
Q40. Throughout history, humans _______ to understand the universe. (A) tried (B) have tried (C) had tried (D) try
Topic 5: 假設語氣（10 題）
Q41. If the funding _______ available, the research could continue. (A) was (B) were (C) had been (D) Both A and B
Q42. Had the data _______ been corrupted, our findings would have been different. (A) not (B) no (C) none (D) never
Q43. _______ that the experiment had been conducted properly, the results would be reliable. (A) Assuming (B) Granted (C) Given (D) All of the above
Q44. It is essential _______ all participants give informed consent. (A) that (B) which (C) when (D) where
Q45. Researchers recommend that the policy _______ revised. (A) is (B) be (C) was (D) being
Q46. I wish I _______ aware of this research earlier. (A) was (B) were (C) had been (D) Both B and C
Q47. _______ for the dedication of these scientists, this discovery would not have been possible. (A) Were it not (B) Had it not been (C) But (D) All of the above
Q48. Suppose we _______ access to better technology, our results would improve. (A) have (B) had (C) had had (D) will have
Q49. Critics insisted that the methodology _______ examined more carefully. (A) is (B) be (C) was (D) being
Q50. _______ further evidence emerge, the theory may need revision. (A) Should (B) If (C) Were (D) Both A and B
Topic 6: 連接詞的學術用法（10 題）
Q51. The hypothesis is compelling; _______ , empirical support remains limited. (A) however (B) furthermore (C) consequently (D) similarly
Q52. _______ the methodological concerns, the findings are noteworthy. (A) Despite (B) Notwithstanding (C) In spite of (D) All of the above
Q53. The researchers used a mixed-methods approach, _______ allowed for both quantitative and qualitative insights. (A) which (B) that (C) what (D) where
Q54. _______ the data appears robust, more validation is needed. (A) While (B) Although (C) Even though (D) All of the above
Q55. The author cites several studies; _______ , each supports a different conclusion. (A) however (B) furthermore (C) consequently (D) similarly
Q56. _______ that the evidence is overwhelming, dissent persists. (A) Given (B) Granted (C) Despite the fact (D) All of the above
Q57. Climate models predict warming; _______ , the exact magnitude remains uncertain. (A) however (B) thus (C) similarly (D) for example
Q58. _______ traditional methods, this approach yields more accurate results. (A) In contrast to (B) Like (C) Despite (D) Notwithstanding
Q59. _______ this study has limitations, its contributions are significant. (A) Although (B) Despite (C) In spite of (D) Whereas
Q60. Two phenomena are correlated; _______ , causation cannot be established. (A) however (B) thus (C) furthermore (D) similarly
Topic 7: 介系詞與搭配詞（10 題）
Q61. Researchers are concerned _______ the implications of these findings. (A) about (B) of (C) for (D) at
Q62. This finding contributes _______ our understanding of the phenomenon. (A) at (B) on (C) to (D) for
Q63. Scientists have access _______ advanced technology. (A) with (B) to (C) for (D) at
Q64. The author draws _______ multiple disciplines in this analysis. (A) on (B) at (C) up (D) over
Q65. This evidence calls _______ question previous assumptions. (A) into (B) on (C) at (D) for
Q66. The findings shed light _______ a long-standing puzzle. (A) on (B) at (C) in (D) for
Q67. Researchers must guard _______ confirmation bias. (A) against (B) for (C) at (D) on
Q68. This study lays the groundwork _______ future research. (A) for (B) on (C) at (D) in
Q69. The data is consistent _______ the predictions of the theory. (A) with (B) to (C) at (D) for
Q70. Researchers must take _______ account multiple variables. (A) into (B) at (C) on (D) of
解答
| 題號 | 答案 | 重點 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | D | implementation 名詞 |
| 2 | C | analysis 名詞 |
| 3 | C | introduction 名詞 |
| 4 | C | reconsideration 名詞 |
| 5 | B | correlation 名詞 |
| 6 | D | failure 名詞 |
| 7 | A/B | result 或 results 都可 |
| 8 | C | Interpretation 主詞 |
| 9 | D | emergence 名詞 |
| 10 | C | endorsement 名詞 |
| 11 | C | data 可 plural 或 mass |
| 12 | A | Each + 單數 |
| 13 | B | A series of 單數概念 |
| 14 | B | Neither…nor 就近 → students |
| 15 | A | along with 不影響主詞 |
| 16 | A | Statistics 學科 → 單數 |
| 17 | A | The number 單數 |
| 18 | B | A number of 複數 |
| 19 | A | Mathematics 學科 → 單數 |
| 20 | B | Either…or 就近 → readings |
| 21 | A | promote 平行 |
| 22 | B | inspiring 平行（形容詞） |
| 23 | B | informative 平行 |
| 24 | A | draw 平行 |
| 25 | B | not only A but also B |
| 26 | B | kindness 平行（名詞） |
| 27 | C | writing 平行（V-ing） |
| 28 | C | culturally 平行（副詞） |
| 29 | C | without + V-ing |
| 30 | C | drawing 平行 |
| 31 | C | since + 完成進行式 |
| 32 | B | 2020 specific past |
| 33 | C | 過去某時間之前持續 |
| 34 | B | 學術觀點 → 現在式 |
| 35 | B | 1980s 過去 |
| 36 | B | for years 完成式 |
| 37 | B | once + 完成 |
| 38 | D | both 都對 |
| 39 | C | by 2050 → 完成式 |
| 40 | B | throughout history → 完成式 |
| 41 | D | Both 都對 |
| 42 | A | not + been |
| 43 | D | Assuming/Granted/Given 都對 |
| 44 | A | essential that |
| 45 | B | recommend that S (should) be |
| 46 | D | I wish + were/had been |
| 47 | D | 三個都對 |
| 48 | B | suppose we had |
| 49 | B | insist that S (should) be |
| 50 | D | Should/If 都可 |
| 51 | A | however 轉折 |
| 52 | D | 三個都對 |
| 53 | A | non-restrictive → which |
| 54 | D | 三個都對 |
| 55 | A | however 對比 |
| 56 | D | Given/Granted/Despite the fact |
| 57 | A | however 轉折 |
| 58 | A | In contrast to |
| 59 | A | Although + 子句 |
| 60 | A | however 轉折 |
| 61 | A | concerned about |
| 62 | C | contribute to |
| 63 | B | access to |
| 64 | A | draw on |
| 65 | A | call into question |
| 66 | A | shed light on |
| 67 | A | guard against |
| 68 | A | groundwork for |
| 69 | A | consistent with |
| 70 | A | take into account |
TOEFL 寫作中最常出錯的 5 個文法
1. 主詞動詞不一致
❌ The data shows that climate change are real.
✅ The data show that climate change is real.
2. 平行結構錯誤
❌ The study examines causes, effects, and how to solve.
✅ The study examines causes, effects, and solutions.
3. 時態混亂
❌ Many studies showed that... (過去式 + 通用結論)
✅ Many studies show that... (現在式 + 通用結論)
4. 子句連接錯誤
❌ Climate change is real, however, it is debated.（兩個句子用逗號）
✅ Climate change is real; however, it is debated.（用分號）
5. 名詞/動詞混淆
❌ The implement of policy was difficult.
✅ The implementation of policy was difficult.
威威老師的最後叮嚀
TOEFL 寫作的文法就算錯一個也會扣分。
檢查清單（寫完一定要看）：
- ✅ 主詞動詞一致
- ✅ 時態前後一致
- ✅ 平行結構（列舉同形式）
- ✅ 介系詞搭配（draw on, contribute to）
- ✅ 拼字（特別是學術字：significant, demonstrate）
寫完留 5 分鐘檢查，可以救你 2 分（30 分制）。加油！