學測英文模擬試題 Mock Exam 4
考試資訊
難度： 偏難（適合目標頂標／前標的學生挑戰） 考試時間： 100 分鐘 滿分： 100 分 適用對象： 英文程度中上、想挑戰高難度的學生 特色： 學術性長文、雙語環境議題、考古基因學、修辭分析、近代經濟史
一、詞彙題（Vocabulary）— 10 題，每題 1 分，共 10 分
說明： 以下 10 題詞彙難度較高，包含大量進階詞彙。請根據句意選出最適當的答案。
1. The professor urged her students to _____ the limitations of the study rather than treating its conclusions as definitive and universally applicable.
(A) exaggerate (B) acknowledge (C) fabricate (D) conceal
2. The documentary aimed to _____ the harsh realities faced by migrant workers, many of whom endure exploitative working conditions in complete silence.
(A) romanticize (B) embellish (C) obscure (D) expose
3. The two business partners had a _____ disagreement over the company’s future direction, and their once-strong friendship was permanently damaged as a result.
(A) trivial (B) fundamental (C) superficial (D) momentary
4. The author’s ability to _____ complex philosophical ideas into accessible language without oversimplifying them was widely regarded as her greatest talent.
(A) complicate (B) obscure (C) distort (D) translate
5. After the earthquake, volunteers from across the country _____ to the disaster zone to help with search-and-rescue operations and the distribution of emergency supplies.
(A) retreated (B) flocked (C) submitted (D) objected
6. The experimental treatment showed _____ results: some patients experienced dramatic improvements, while others showed no response at all, leaving researchers puzzled.
(A) consistent (B) miraculous (C) inconsistent (D) negligible
7. Historians have long debated whether the decline of the Roman Empire was _____ rather than sudden, the result of centuries of gradual erosion rather than a single catastrophic event.
(A) abrupt (B) deliberate (C) gradual (D) violent
8. The journalist was praised for her _____ reporting on the corruption scandal, having spent two years tracking down sources and verifying every piece of evidence before publication.
(A) reckless (B) meticulous (C) indifferent (D) fraudulent
9. The small coastal town, once a _____ fishing community, has been transformed beyond recognition by the influx of tourists and luxury resort developments.
(A) prosperous (B) hectic (C) tranquil (D) overcrowded
10. Many psychologists believe that _____ thinking—the tendency to see issues in extremes of all good or all bad—is a cognitive distortion that can contribute to anxiety and depression.
(A) creative (B) critical (C) rational (D) dichotomous
威威老師小提醒
Mock 4 詞彙題的星號難度：
dichotomous（二元對立的）、tranquil（寧靜的）、flocked（蜂擁而至）都是比較進階的字。如果你不認識這幾個，代表你的單字量還有進步空間。記住一個原則：學測 15 級分的學生通常具備 6,000-7,000 以上的詞彙量，而均標學生大約在 4,500-5,000 左右。差距就是這樣拉開的！
二、綜合測驗（Cloze）— 10 題，每題 1 分，共 10 分
說明： 以下短文含有大量學術性用語與複雜句型，請根據文意與文法選出最適當的答案。
Bilingualism—the ability to speak two languages fluently—was once viewed by some educators and psychologists as a potential (11) _____ to children’s cognitive development. In the early 20th century, several influential studies argued that learning two languages simultaneously confused children, delayed their language acquisition, and (12) _____ their academic performance. Parents were often advised to speak only one language at home to avoid (13) _____ their children’s linguistic development.
This view has been thoroughly overturned by modern neuroscience. Research conducted over the past three decades has demonstrated that bilingualism (14) _____ a wide range of cognitive benefits. Bilingual children consistently (15) _____ monolingual children on tasks that require “executive function”—the set of mental skills that include attention control, task-switching, and the ability to filter out (16) _____ information. These advantages persist throughout life, and some studies suggest that lifelong bilingualism may even delay the (17) _____ of dementia by four to five years.
The neurological basis for these benefits lies in the way the bilingual brain manages two language systems. Because both languages are always active in the bilingual mind—even when only one is being used—the brain must constantly (18) _____ the language that is not needed at any given moment. This ongoing mental exercise strengthens the brain’s executive control networks, much in the same way that physical exercise strengthens muscles.
Importantly, researchers emphasize that the cognitive advantages of bilingualism are not (19) _____ to those who acquired both languages in childhood. Adults who learn a second language later in life also show measurable cognitive benefits, (20) _____ the effects tend to be smaller and more variable. The key message from the research is clear: it is never too late to benefit from learning another language.
11. (A) obstacle (B) advantage (C) supplement (D) alternative
12. (A) improved (B) enhanced (C) impaired (D) stimulated
13. (A) facilitating (B) accelerating (C) nurturing (D) hindering
14. (A) eliminates (B) minimizes (C) confers (D) restricts
15. (A) outperform (B) surrender to (C) fall behind (D) withdraw from
16. (A) essential (B) relevant (C) irrelevant (D) critical
17. (A) diagnosis (B) onset (C) cure (D) prevention
18. (A) activate (B) ignore (C) reinforce (D) suppress
19. (A) limited (B) exposed (C) extended (D) subjected
20. (A) because (B) although (C) unless (D) so that
小心陷阱
第 14 題
confer是學測高分字的經典代表。confer benefits= 帶來好處（等同於provide/bring benefits）。如果你不認識這個字，可能會被eliminates和minimizes誤導（因為以前認為雙語有害）。但注意前一句說「這個觀點已經被現代神經科學徹底推翻」，所以接下來要講的是雙語的「好處」，不是「消除」好處！
三、文意選填（Contextual Fill-in）— 10 題，每題 1 分，共 10 分
說明： 以下短文共有 10 個空格，請從方框中的 12 個選項中選出最適合的答案。每選項限用一次，方框中有兩個多餘選項。
選項方框：
| (A) shaping | (B) barrier | (C) remarkable | (D) remotely | (E) obsessed |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (F) sparked | (G) adopted | (H) contributing | (I) revolution | (J) sheer |
| (K) remains | (L) genuine |
The smartphone has arguably become the most transformative consumer technology since the television, if not the automobile. In less than two decades, it has gone from being a luxury item for early adopters to a near-universal possession that fundamentally mediates how billions of people communicate, work, navigate, and entertain themselves. The (21) _____ speed and scale of this adoption are unprecedented in the history of technology: there are now more active mobile phone subscriptions than there are people on the planet.
The smartphone’s most (22) _____ achievement is not any single function but rather its capacity to consolidate dozens of previously separate devices—camera, map, music player, calculator, alarm clock, calendar, and many more—into a single pocket-sized device. This convergence has not only changed consumer behavior but has also (23) _____ entirely new industries and business models. The rise of the “app economy,” food delivery platforms, ride-sharing services, and mobile banking would have been impossible without the widespread adoption of smartphones.
However, the societal impact of smartphones is far from universally positive. A growing body of research suggests that the constant connectivity enabled by smartphones is (24) _____ to rising rates of anxiety, depression, and loneliness, particularly among adolescents. Social media platforms, which are primarily accessed via smartphones, have been designed by engineers (25) _____ with maximizing user engagement—the more time users spend on these platforms, the more advertising revenue they generate. This has created what some psychologists describe as a “race to the bottom of the brain stem,” as platforms compete for ever more primitive forms of attention.
The relationship between smartphones and productivity is similarly complex. While these devices undeniably enable new forms of flexible and (26) _____ work, they also blur the boundary between work and personal life in ways that many find exhausting. The expectation that employees should be reachable at all hours has become a significant source of workplace stress, and several countries have begun (27) _____ “right to disconnect” laws that protect workers from after-hours work communication.
Looking ahead, the next technological (28) _____ may come not from a new device but from new ways of interacting with technology. Augmented reality, artificial intelligence assistants, and brain-computer interfaces all promise to further dissolve the (29) _____ between the digital and physical worlds. Whether these developments will enhance human flourishing or further erode our attention, relationships, and autonomy (30) _____ an open question—one whose answer will depend not on the technology itself but on the choices we make as individuals and as societies.
威威老師小提醒
這篇文意選填的主題是智慧型手機，貼近生活但用了不少學術性詞彙（如
mediates、convergence）。文意選填的步驟：先速讀全文了解大意 → 判斷每個空格需要的詞性 → 從對應詞性的選項中挑選 → 放入後重讀檢查。千萬不要一個一個空格慢慢地做，因為後面的空格往往需要看到更後面的內容才能確定！
四、篇章結構（Text Organization）— 5 題，每題 2 分，共 10 分
說明： 以下短文共有 5 個句子被拿掉，請從方框中的 6 個選項中選出最適合的句子填入各空格。
選項方框：
(A) One study found that participants who walked through a natural setting performed significantly better on a subsequent creativity test than those who walked through an urban environment.
(B) In Japan, the practice of shinrin-yoku, or “forest bathing,” has been formally recognized as a health-promoting activity since the 1980s, and it is now prescribed by some doctors as a complement to conventional medical treatment.
(C) This evolutionary mismatch, researchers argue, may help explain the rising rates of stress-related illnesses in urbanized societies.
(D) The industrial revolution, which began in Britain in the late 18th century, marked the beginning of humanity’s large-scale migration from rural areas to cities.
(E) For instance, a 2015 study found that people living in urban environments have a 21% higher risk of developing anxiety disorders and a 39% higher risk of developing mood disorders compared to those living in rural areas.
(F) This hypothesis is supported by a growing body of scientific evidence.
Modern humans spend approximately 90% of their time indoors, a stark contrast to the outdoor existence that characterized the vast majority of human evolutionary history. For more than 99% of our species’ existence, we lived as hunter-gatherers in natural environments, and our brains and bodies evolved in close relationship with the rhythms and stimuli of the natural world. (31) _______________
The health consequences of this disconnection from nature are becoming increasingly clear. (32) _______________ Moreover, research has shown that even brief exposure to natural settings—a walk in a park, a view of trees from a hospital window—can measurably reduce stress hormones, lower blood pressure, and improve immune function.
(33) _______________ The mechanisms behind nature’s restorative effects are multiple. Natural environments tend to engage what psychologists call “soft fascination”—a gentle, effortless form of attention that allows the brain’s directed-attention systems to rest and recover. Urban environments, by contrast, constantly demand our attention with bright lights, loud noises, and rapid movement, contributing to mental fatigue.
(34) _______________ The implications of this research for urban planning are significant. Cities that incorporate green spaces, parks, and natural elements into their design may not only be more pleasant to live in but may also produce healthier, more creative, and psychologically resilient populations. Singapore, often called a “city in a garden,” has been a global leader in this approach, mandating that green spaces be integrated into all levels of urban development.
(35) _______________ As urbanization continues to accelerate globally—the United Nations projects that 68% of the world’s population will live in cities by 2050—the challenge of maintaining a connection to the natural world becomes ever more urgent. The solution is not to abandon cities but to reimagine them, weaving nature into the very fabric of urban life.
小心陷阱
這篇篇章結構的核心邏輯是「問題 → 證據 → 解釋機制 → 解決方案 → 未來展望」。每種題材都有它的邏輯結構，你只要能辨識出這個結構，篇章結構題就至少能對 3-4 題。做題時不要只憑「語感」，要思考「這個句子在文章的論證結構中扮演什麼角色」。
五、閱讀測驗（Reading Comprehension）— 16 題，每題 2 分，共 32 分
說明： 以下共有四篇文章，有些文章長度較長且論述密度高。請務必注意時間分配。
Passage 1: Ancient DNA and Human History
The study of ancient DNA (aDNA)—genetic material extracted from the remains of organisms that lived hundreds, thousands, or even tens of thousands of years ago—has revolutionized our understanding of human history. While traditional archaeology relies on artifacts, architecture, and written records to reconstruct the past, aDNA analysis allows scientists to read history directly from the genes of the people who lived it. Over the past decade, advances in DNA sequencing technology have made it possible to extract and analyze genetic material from bones, teeth, and even soil samples with an accuracy that would have seemed impossible just a generation ago.
One of the most dramatic findings to emerge from aDNA research has been the discovery that modern humans are not a single, continuous lineage but rather the product of multiple waves of migration, mixing, and replacement. Far from being isolated populations that developed independently, ancient human groups moved, traded, fought, and interbred with one another far more extensively than previously imagined. The genetic evidence has revealed, for example, that when modern humans first migrated out of Africa approximately 60,000-70,000 years ago, they encountered and interbred with other human species—most notably Neanderthals and Denisovans—that had already been living in Eurasia for hundreds of thousands of years. As a result, most people alive today carry a small percentage of Neanderthal DNA in their genomes.
aDNA has also shed light on more recent historical events, transforming knowledge about the peopling of entire continents. Genetic studies of ancient remains from across Europe have revealed that the continent experienced a massive population replacement around 4,500 years ago, when a group known as the Yamnaya migrated westward from the steppes north of the Black Sea, introducing new technologies, languages, and genetic lineages that dramatically reshaped the European population. This migration was so extensive that the genetic makeup of modern Europeans is fundamentally different from that of the populations who built Stonehenge just a thousand years earlier.
The ethical challenges posed by aDNA research are considerable. The excavation and analysis of human remains raise profound questions about consent, cultural respect, and the rights of descendant communities. Many indigenous groups have expressed concerns that genetic research on ancestral remains violates their cultural and spiritual beliefs. Scientists working in this field have increasingly recognized the importance of collaborating with descendant communities and respecting their wishes regarding how ancestral remains are studied.
Despite these challenges, the potential of aDNA research to illuminate the human past is extraordinary. Each new genetic sequence extracted from ancient bone offers a window into the lives of our ancestors—their origins, their movements, their relationships, and ultimately, what it means to be human.
36. What has ancient DNA research revealed about modern human origins?
(A) Modern humans evolved independently on each continent (B) Modern humans are the product of multiple waves of migration, mixing, and replacement (C) Modern humans have no genetic connection to older human species (D) Modern humans first appeared in Europe, not Africa
37. According to the passage, when modern humans migrated out of Africa, they:
(A) Immediately replaced all existing human species (B) Encountered and interbred with Neanderthals and Denisovans (C) Traveled only to Europe and stopped there (D) Had already developed advanced writing systems
38. What change occurred in Europe around 4,500 years ago according to aDNA evidence?
(A) The entire human population was wiped out by a volcanic eruption (B) A massive population replacement occurred due to Yamnaya migration (C) Europeans developed immunity to all known diseases (D) European populations stopped migrating and became isolated
39. What ethical concern does the passage raise about aDNA research?
(A) The technology is too expensive for most countries to afford (B) The research on ancestral remains may violate the cultural and spiritual beliefs of descendant communities (C) DNA sequencing causes permanent damage to the environment (D) Scientists have refused to collaborate with indigenous communities
Passage 2: The Economics of Attention
In a world of material abundance, scarcity has shifted. For most of human history, the primary constraint on economic activity was the availability of physical resources—land, labor, capital, and raw materials. In the digital age, however, the truly scarce resource is something far more intangible: human attention. As the Nobel Prize-winning economist Herbert Simon presciently observed in 1971, “A wealth of information creates a poverty of attention.”
The attention economy is built on a simple premise: the platforms and services that dominate the digital landscape—social media companies, streaming services, news aggregators, and search engines—earn revenue primarily through advertising. Their business model depends on capturing as much user attention as possible, which they then sell to advertisers. The more time users spend on a platform, the more advertisements they see, and the more revenue the platform generates. This creates a powerful economic incentive to design products that are as engaging—and, critics would argue, as addictive—as possible.
The techniques used to capture attention are sophisticated and scientifically informed. Infinite scrolling removes the natural stopping cues that would otherwise prompt users to put down their phones. Algorithms analyze user behavior to serve content that is maximally engaging, often prioritizing emotional intensity over informational quality. Notifications—haptic, visual, auditory—are precisely timed to trigger dopamine responses that create compulsive checking behaviors. The result is an environment carefully engineered to exploit fundamental vulnerabilities in human psychology.
The consequences of this economic model extend far beyond wasted time. The fragmentation of attention has been linked to decreased capacity for deep thinking, reduced empathy in social interactions, and a measurable decline in face-to-face conversation. Furthermore, the attention economy creates what some scholars call “epistemic pollution”—an information environment in which the most emotionally provocative content spreads the fastest, regardless of its accuracy, fostering polarization and undermining shared understandings of reality.
Some countries and companies have begun to respond. France has passed legislation granting workers the “right to disconnect” from work-related digital communication outside working hours. Apple and Google have introduced screen-time tracking features. A growing “digital minimalism” movement advocates for deliberately reducing digital consumption. Whether these efforts will be sufficient to counter the powerful economic forces driving the attention economy remains to be seen.
40. According to the passage, what did Herbert Simon mean by “A wealth of information creates a poverty of attention”?
(A) Information is becoming increasingly expensive to produce (B) When information is abundant, attention becomes the scarce resource (C) Poor people have less access to information than wealthy people (D) Attention spans have increased in the digital age
41. How does the attention economy’s business model primarily generate revenue?
(A) By charging users subscription fees for premium content (B) By capturing user attention and selling it to advertisers (C) By selling physical products through online marketplaces (D) By offering paid consulting services to technology companies
42. According to the passage, which technique is used to capture users’ attention?
(A) Limiting the amount of content available each day (B) Requiring users to take breaks every thirty minutes (C) Infinite scrolling that removes natural stopping cues (D) Charging users for each additional minute of usage
43. What does the passage mean by “epistemic pollution”?
(A) Physical pollution caused by data centers (B) An information environment where emotionally provocative content spreads fastest regardless of accuracy (C) The overuse of complex vocabulary in online articles (D) Government censorship of digital platforms
Passage 3: The Overton Window and Political Change
The Overton Window is a concept in political theory that describes the range of policies that the public considers acceptable at any given time. Named after Joseph P. Overton, an American policy analyst who developed the idea in the 1990s, the concept suggests that at any given moment, there exists a “window” of politically acceptable ideas. Policies that fall within this window are seen as reasonable and mainstream; those outside it are viewed as radical, extreme, or unthinkable.
Crucially, the Overton Window is not fixed. It can shift over time, and ideas that were once considered unthinkable can, through sustained advocacy and changing circumstances, move into the realm of acceptable debate and eventually into policy. The abolition of slavery, women’s suffrage, and marriage equality all followed this trajectory: each was once considered radical or impossible, yet each eventually passed through the Overton Window to become not just policy but widely accepted social norms.
The mechanism by which the Overton Window shifts is a subject of considerable scholarly interest. Overton himself argued that the window is moved primarily not by politicians but by intellectuals, activists, think tanks, and social movements operating outside of government. Politicians tend to be followers rather than leaders in this process: they generally only advocate for policies once those policies have already become acceptable to a significant portion of the public. This explains why major social and political changes often seem to happen “suddenly” after long periods of apparent stasis—the shift in public opinion was gradual, but the political response was abrupt.
The concept of the Overton Window has practical implications for those seeking to achieve political change. Rather than immediately advocating for the final policy goal, effective change agents often begin by arguing for positions that fall slightly outside the current window, with the aim of expanding the range of acceptable discourse. By shifting the boundaries of what can be discussed, they gradually make room for more transformative ideas.
Critics of the Overton Window concept note that it can be used to justify incrementalism at the expense of more urgent and radical action. If the public can be persuaded to accept only gradual shifts, they argue, then those who benefit from the status quo can use this gradualism to delay meaningful reform indefinitely. The concept, like any analytical tool, is only as valuable as the wisdom with which it is applied.
44. What is the Overton Window?
(A) A specific policy proposal developed by Joseph Overton (B) The range of policies that the public considers politically acceptable at a given time (C) A voting system used in European parliamentary elections (D) The office window through which Overton observed political protests
45. According to the passage, how did marriage equality relate to the Overton Window?
(A) It was always within the window of acceptable ideas (B) It moved from being considered radical to becoming policy and a social norm (C) It was the first policy Overton ever analyzed (D) It was rejected by the public and never became policy
46. According to Overton, who primarily shifts the Overton Window?
(A) Politicians running for reelection (B) Intellectuals, activists, think tanks, and social movements outside government (C) Foreign governments exerting diplomatic pressure (D) Judicial rulings from the Supreme Court
47. What criticism of the Overton Window concept is mentioned in the passage?
(A) It has no empirical evidence to support it (B) It may justify incrementalism at the expense of urgent radical action (C) It only applies to American politics, not other countries (D) Joseph Overton never actually developed the concept himself
Passage 4: Rewilding
In an era of accelerating biodiversity loss and climate disruption, a bold and controversial approach to conservation has gained momentum: rewilding. At its core, rewilding is the large-scale restoration of ecosystems to the point where they can sustain themselves with minimal human intervention. Unlike traditional conservation, which often focuses on preserving specific species or habitats in their current state, rewilding aims to restore natural processes—predation, seed dispersal, natural water flow—that have been disrupted or eliminated by human activity.
One of the most famous and successful examples of rewilding took place in Yellowstone National Park in the United States. In 1995, after an absence of nearly 70 years, gray wolves were reintroduced to the park. The effects of this reintroduction were far more dramatic than ecologists had anticipated, triggering what is now known as a “trophic cascade.” As the wolves began hunting elk, the elk changed their behavior, avoiding open valleys and riverbanks where they had previously overgrazed willow and aspen trees. As these trees regrew, beavers returned to build dams, creating wetland habitats that attracted fish, birds, and amphibians. The entire ecosystem was transformed—not by extensive human management, but simply by restoring one key species.
Rewilding has since been proposed and implemented in various forms around the world. In Europe, several organizations are working to create large, interconnected natural areas where species such as European bison, wild horses, and lynx can roam freely. In Siberia, the “Pleistocene Park” project seeks to recreate the grassland ecosystem that existed during the last Ice Age by reintroducing large herbivores, including bison, musk oxen, and eventually mammoth-like species developed through genetic engineering.
Skeptics of rewilding raise legitimate concerns. The reintroduction of large predators can create conflicts with farmers and ranchers who fear for their livestock. The economic interests of communities that depend on extractive industries like logging or mining can clash with rewilding objectives. Furthermore, returning an ecosystem to a previous historical state is not always possible or desirable in a world where climate conditions are rapidly changing. These concerns highlight the need for rewilding efforts to be undertaken in close collaboration with local communities.
Despite these challenges, advocates argue that rewilding offers something that more modest conservation approaches do not: hope. In a time of mounting environmental crises, rewilding presents a vision of nature not as fragile and diminishing but as resilient and capable of extraordinary renewal—if given the chance.
48. How does rewilding differ from traditional conservation, according to the passage?
(A) Rewilding focuses only on preserving a single species at a time (B) Rewilding aims to restore natural processes rather than maintain current states (C) Rewilding requires constant and intensive human intervention (D) Rewilding is less expensive than traditional conservation methods
49. What is a “trophic cascade” as illustrated by the Yellowstone wolf reintroduction?
(A) A collapse of the ecosystem caused by introducing too many predators (B) A chain of ecological effects triggered by reintroducing a key species (C) The migration of species from one ecosystem to another (D) The extinction of all species at the top of the food chain
50. What is one concern raised by skeptics of rewilding?
(A) Rewilding always costs more money than is available (B) The reintroduction of large predators can create conflicts with farmers (C) Scientists have no evidence that rewilding works (D) All rewilded animals eventually die within the first year
51. According to the passage, what do advocates say rewilding offers that other approaches do not?
(A) Financial profit for investors (B) Immediate solutions to all environmental problems (C) Hope—a vision of nature as resilient and capable of renewal (D) Guaranteed results within six months
六、混合題（Mixed Type）— 共 10 分
說明： 以下為一篇文章與 3 道混合題型，請根據文章內容回答問題。
The Sunrise Industry: Renewable Energy
The global transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources represents one of the most significant economic and technological shifts in modern history. Driven by growing concerns over climate change, rapid advances in technology, and sharply declining costs, renewable energy—particularly solar and wind power—has moved from the margins to the mainstream of the global energy system. In 2023, for the first time, global investment in renewable energy exceeded investment in fossil fuels, marking a symbolic and substantive turning point.
The economic case for renewable energy has strengthened dramatically over the past decade. The cost of solar photovoltaic panels has fallen by approximately 90% since 2010, while the cost of onshore wind energy has declined by roughly 70%. In many parts of the world, building new solar or wind farms is now cheaper than operating existing coal-fired power plants. This economic transformation has been driven by a combination of technological improvement, economies of scale in manufacturing, and intense competition among producers—particularly in China, which has become the world’s dominant manufacturer of solar panels and batteries.
The environmental benefits of the renewable transition are its most commonly cited advantage, but they are far from the only ones. The shift to renewables also offers substantial public health benefits by reducing air pollution from the burning of coal, oil, and gas. A study by Harvard University estimated that the health costs associated with fossil fuel pollution in the United States alone amount to approximately $820 billion annually. Furthermore, because renewable energy sources are distributed widely across the globe—virtually every country has access to sunlight and wind—the renewable transition has the potential to reduce geopolitical tensions over access to energy resources and to enhance energy security for nations that currently depend on imported fossil fuels.
However, the path to a fully renewable energy system is neither smooth nor straightforward. Significant technical challenges remain, particularly around energy storage and grid management. Solar and wind power are variable—they produce energy only when the sun shines or the wind blows—and large-scale, cost-effective storage solutions are necessary to balance supply and demand. The mining of minerals required for batteries and solar panels, such as lithium, cobalt, and rare earth elements, raises its own environmental and ethical concerns. A truly sustainable energy transition will require addressing these challenges honestly rather than ignoring them.
52. Multiple Choice（選擇題，2 分）
According to the passage, by approximately how much has the cost of solar panels fallen since 2010?
(A) 30% (B) 50% (C) 70% (D) 90%
53. Fill in the Blank（填空題，4 分）
Based on the passage, identify TWO benefits of the renewable energy transition OTHER THAN environmental benefits. Write each benefit in English.
(1) _____ (2) _____
54. Short Answer Question（簡答題，4 分）
What technical challenge does the passage identify as a major obstacle to a fully renewable energy system? Explain why it is a problem in 1-2 complete sentences.
七、中譯英（Translation）— 2 題，共 8 分
說明： 本回的翻譯句子較長且結構複雜，請特別注意主詞動詞的一致性與時態。
55. 近年來，隨著社群媒體的普及，越來越多的年輕人在網路上分享自己的生活點滴，卻也增加了他們被網路霸凌的風險。（4 分）
威威老師小提醒
關鍵句型：
In recent years, with the popularity of + N, more and more + N + have been + V-ing..., but this has also increased + N...關鍵詞彙：社群媒體的普及the popularity/widespread use of social media/ 生活點滴details/aspects of their daily lives/ 被網路霸凌的風險the risk of being cyberbullied / the risk of cyberbullying
56. 雖然人工智慧為許多行業帶來了革命性的變化，但是專家警告說，如果不加以適當監管，它可能對就業市場造成無法挽回的傷害。（4 分）
威威老師小提醒
關鍵句型：
Although AI has brought revolutionary changes to + N, experts warn that if + S + is not properly regulated, it may cause + N...關鍵詞彙：人工智慧artificial intelligence (AI)/ 革命性的變化revolutionary changes/ 加以適當監管(is) properly regulated/ 無法挽回的傷害irreparable/irreversible damage
八、英文作文（Essay）— 20 分
說明： 請根據以下提示撰寫一篇英文作文，文長至少 120 個字。本回為個人經驗寫作題型。
題目：Personal Experience（個人經驗型寫作）
人生中有許多重要的時刻，有些讓我們成長，有些改變了我們看待世界的方式。請以「一個讓我成長的挑戰」（A Challenge That Helped Me Grow）為題，撰寫一篇英文作文。
內容請包含以下要點：
- 清楚描述這個挑戰是什麼（可以是一個具體的事件、一段困難的時期、或一個需要克服的障礙）
- 說明你在面對這個挑戰時的過程與感受
- 探討這個挑戰如何改變了你──你學到了什麼？變成了什麼樣的人？
- 以反思作結：回顧這段經歷對你今日人生的影響
寫作指引：
| 段落 | 內容 | 建議字數 |
|---|---|---|
| 第一段 | 介紹挑戰（背景、情境） | 30-40 字 |
| 第二段 | 面對挑戰的過程與感受 | 40-50 字 |
| 第三段 | 學到的教訓與個人成長 | 40-50 字 |
| 第四段 | 反思與結論 | 20-30 字 |
威威老師小提醒
經驗型寫作雖然是五種作文題型中最生活化的，但要拿高分也不容易。關鍵在於「反思的深度」：不要只描述發生了什麼事，更要說這件事「如何改變了你」。閱卷老師想看到的是你的成長軌跡，而不只是你的故事摘要。另外，120 字並不多，不要在背景介紹上花太多篇幅，把重點放在「挑戰 → 反思 → 成長」這條軸線上。
威威老師示範作文（Model Essay）
A Challenge That Helped Me Grow
The most formative challenge of my teenage years came in the form of a speech competition during my first year of high school. As someone who had always been painfully shy, the very idea of standing on a stage and speaking in English in front of hundreds of people filled me with absolute terror. My hands would tremble and my voice would falter even when speaking in class, let alone in a competition. Nevertheless, my English teacher believed in me, and after much encouragement, I reluctantly agreed to participate.
The weeks leading up to the competition were agonizing. I practiced my speech in front of the mirror every evening, recording myself on my phone and cringing at every mistake. The first time I rehearsed in front of my teacher, I froze halfway through and forgot my lines completely. I wanted to quit. But something inside me refused to give up. Slowly, practice session by practice session, I began to feel less afraid.
On the day of the competition, my heart was pounding so hard I could barely breathe, but I delivered my speech. I did not win, or even place. But the moment I finished, I felt something I had never experienced before—a profound sense of accomplishment that had nothing to do with trophies or rankings. I had faced my fear, and I had survived.
Looking back now, that competition changed the trajectory of my life. It taught me that courage is not the absence of fear, but the decision to act in spite of it. More importantly, it made me realize that growth happens not in comfort but in discomfort—that the moments we least want to face are often the moments that shape us the most.
(264 words)
作文評分說明
20 分（頂標級）： 故事具體生動，情感真摯，反思有深度，文法幾乎無誤，詞彙豐富自然，結構完整流暢。讀完能感受到作者的成長弧線（character arc）。
15-19 分（前標級）： 故事清楚，有具體細節，有基礎的反思，文法偶有小錯，詞彙適當。
10-14 分（均標級）： 故事架構存在但較籠統（缺乏具體細節），反思較為表面（如「學到了永不放棄」等 cliches），文法錯誤偏多。
5-9 分（後標級）： 故事模糊不完整，缺乏反思，文法錯誤嚴重，詞彙明顯侷限。
1-4 分（底標級）： 敘事混亂，難以理解，幾乎沒有反思，篇幅過短。
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一、詞彙題
| 題號 | 答案 | 解析 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | (B) acknowledge | 教授要求學生「認知」研究的局限性。exaggerate 誇大、fabricate 捏造、conceal 隱瞞，皆不合文意。 |
| 2 | (D) expose | 紀錄片旨在「揭露」外籍移工的困境。romanticize 浪漫化、embellish 修飾美化、obscure 模糊遮蔽，皆語意相反。 |
| 3 | (B) fundamental | 兩個合夥人有「根本上的」意見不合，友誼永久受損。trivial 瑣碎的、superficial 表面上的、momentary 短暫的，皆與「永久受損」強度不符。 |
| 4 | (D) translate | 作者將複雜哲學概念「轉譯」為淺顯語言（比喻用法）。complicate 複雜化、obscure 使模糊、distort 扭曲，皆語意相反。 |
| 5 | (B) flocked | 志工「蜂擁而至」災區協助救援。retreated 撤退、submitted 提交、objected 反對，皆不合文意。 |
| 6 | (C) inconsistent | 實驗結果「不一致」：有些病人明顯好轉，有些完全沒反應。consistent 一致的（相反）、miraculous 奇蹟的、negligible 可忽略的。 |
| 7 | (C) gradual | 歷史學家辯論羅馬帝國的衰退是「漸進的」而非突然的。與 rather than sudden 對比，且 centuries of gradual erosion 前後呼應。 |
| 8 | (B) meticulous | 記者因其對貪汙醜聞的「一絲不苟」報導而受到讚揚。reckless 魯莽的、indifferent 漠不關心的、fraudulent 詐欺的。 |
| 9 | (C) tranquil | 小鎮曾經是一個「寧靜的」漁村，但被觀光客與度假村徹底改變。與 transformed beyond recognition 對比。prosperous 繁榮的、hectic 忙碌的、overcrowded 過度擁擠的。 |
| 10 | (D) dichotomous | 「二元化」思考──將事物視為全好或全壞的極端──是認知扭曲。dichotomous = 二分法的。 |
二、綜合測驗
| 題號 | 答案 | 解析 |
|---|---|---|
| 11 | (A) obstacle | 過去認為雙語是認知發展的「障礙」。obstacle 障礙；advantage 優勢（相反）；supplement 補充；alternative 替代方案。 |
| 12 | (C) impaired | 早期研究認為雙語會「損害」孩子的學業表現。impaired = damaged/harmed；improved 改善；enhanced 增強；stimulated 刺激。 |
| 13 | (D) hindering | 父母被建議只說一種語言以免「妨礙」孩子的語言發展。hindering 妨礙；facilitating 促進（相反）；accelerating 加速；nurturing 培育。 |
| 14 | (C) confers | 雙語「帶來」多種認知好處。confers = provides/grants。 |
| 15 | (A) outperform | 雙語兒童在執行功能任務上「表現優於」單語兒童。outperform 表現勝過；surrender to 投降；fall behind 落後（相反）；withdraw from 退出。 |
| 16 | (C) irrelevant | 過濾掉「不相關的」資訊。irrelevant 不相關的；essential 必要的；relevant 相關的（相反）；critical 關鍵的。 |
| 17 | (B) onset | 雙語可能延緩失智症的「發病」。onset = the beginning of something (usually a disease)；diagnosis 診斷；cure 治療；prevention 預防。 |
| 18 | (D) suppress | 大腦必須不斷「壓制」當時不需要的語言。suppress 壓制抑制；activate 啟動（相反）；ignore 忽視（語意較弱）；reinforce 強化。 |
| 19 | (A) limited | 好處不「侷限於」兒時習得雙語的人。limited to 限於；exposed to 暴露於；extended to 延伸到；subjected to 遭受。 |
| 20 | (B) although | 成年人學習第二語言也顯示出認知益處，「雖然」效果較小且較不穩定。讓步關係。 |
三、文意選填
| 題號 | 答案 | 解析 |
|---|---|---|
| 21 | (J) sheer | the sheer speed and scale = 「純粹的」速度與規模（強調其驚人程度）。sheer 為強調用法的形容詞。 |
| 22 | (C) remarkable | 智慧型手機最「了不起的」成就是其收斂性功能。remarkable 形容詞修飾 achievement。 |
| 23 | (F) sparked | 手機的收斂性「引發」了全新的產業與商業模式。sparked = 點燃／引發（過去分詞，has sparked）。 |
| 24 | (H) contributing | 持續的連線「促成了」焦慮、憂鬱與孤獨感的上升。is contributing to = 正在促成／導致。 |
| 25 | (E) obsessed | engineers obsessed with maximizing user engagement = 「沉迷於」最大化用戶參與度的工程師。過去分詞片語修飾 engineers。 |
| 26 | (D) remotely | flexible and remotely managed work = 彈性且「遠距」進行的工作。副詞修飾 work 的進行方式。 |
| 27 | (G) adopted | several countries have adopted 法律授予員工離線權。have + 過去分詞 完成式。 |
| 28 | (I) revolution | the next technological revolution = 下一波科技「革命」。 |
| 29 | (B) barrier | dissolve the barrier between the digital and physical worlds = 消融數位與實體世界之間的「界限／障礙」。 |
| 30 | (K) remains | Whether these developments will enhance...or further erode...remains an open question = 這一切會促進人類繁榮還是侵蝕我們的注意力…「仍然是」一個未解的問題。動詞，主詞為 whether 名詞子句，視為單數。 |
多餘選項： (A) shaping 和 (L) genuine
四、篇章結構
| 題號 | 答案 | 解析 |
|---|---|---|
| 31 | (C) | 第一段描述人類與自然環境在演化上的相依關係 → 31。接著 (C) 說這種「演化上的不匹配」可能解釋都市化社會中壓力相關疾病的上升。This evolutionary mismatch 的 this 回指前文描述的矛盾現象。 |
| 32 | (E) | 本段主題是與自然脫節的健康後果。(E) 提供具體統計數據：都市居民患焦慮症的風險高 21%，情緒障礙風險高 39%。For instance 為舉例標記。 |
| 33 | (F) | 前段給出統計證據後 → (F) This hypothesis is supported by a growing body of scientific evidence 作為過渡，帶出下一段對背後機制的解釋。 |
| 34 | (A) | 本段講自然的恢復性效應機制：soft fascination 讓大腦休息。(A) 提供一個具體研究佐證：在自然環境中散步後創意測驗表現更好。 |
| 35 | (B) | 末段討論都市規劃與自然融合的實踐。(B) 以日本的森林浴（shinrin-yoku）為成功案例，已正式被認定為健康促進活動。此處放在城市規劃段落前作為引子。 |
多餘選項： (D)，關於工業革命的歷史描述，與本文核心論點「自然與健康的關係」脫節。
最終答案：31.(C), 32.(E), 33.(F), 34.(A), 35.(B)
五、閱讀測驗
| 題號 | 答案 | 解析 |
|---|---|---|
| 36 | (B) | 第二段：現代人類並非單一連續譜系，而是多波遷徙、混合與取代的產物。 |
| 37 | (B) | 第二段末：人類遷出非洲時遇到並與尼安德塔人和丹尼索瓦人混血。 |
| 38 | (B) | 第三段：約 4,500 年前 Yamnaya 大規模遷徙導致歐洲人口的基因組成徹底改變。 |
| 39 | (B) | 第四段：基因研究祖先遺骸可能侵犯後代社群的文化與精神信仰。 |
| 40 | (B) | 第一段：Simon 的名言意指「資訊的富裕創造了注意力的貧瘠」。 |
| 41 | (B) | 第二段：注意力經濟的商業模式是擷取用戶注意力並賣給廣告商。 |
| 42 | (C) | 第三段：無限捲動移除了自然的停止提示（stopping cues）。 |
| 43 | (B) | 第四段：epistemic pollution 指情緒性內容不顧準確性快速傳播，削弱共同現實認知。 |
| 44 | (B) | 第一段定義：Overton Window 是公眾在某時期認為可接受的政策範圍。 |
| 45 | (B) | 第二段：婚姻平權從被認為激進，到穿過 Overton Window 變成政策與社會常態。 |
| 46 | (B) | 第三段：Overton 認為窗口主要由體制外的知識份子、社運人士、智庫推動，政治人物是跟隨者。 |
| 47 | (B) | 末段：批評者指出此概念可能被用來合理化漸進主義，犧牲更迫切的激進行動。 |
| 48 | (B) | 第一段：Rewilding 目標是恢復自然運作過程（捕食、種子傳播、水循環），而非維持現狀。 |
| 49 | (B) | 第二段：Trophic cascade 是重新引入關鍵物種（狼）後引發的連鎖生態效應。 |
| 50 | (B) | 第四段：大型掠食者的重新引入可能與農民和牧場主產生衝突。 |
| 51 | (C) | 末段：Rewilding 提供的不只是保育方案，更是「希望」——自然充滿韌性與再生能力的願景。 |
六、混合題
| 題號 | 答案 | 解析 |
|---|---|---|
| 52 | (D) 90% | 第二段第一句：太陽能板的成本自 2010 年以來下降了約 90%。 |
| 53 | (1) Substantial public health benefits by reducing air pollution from burning fossil fuels; (2) Potential to reduce geopolitical tensions over access to energy resources and enhance energy security | 第三段提到兩項非環境的效益：(1) 公共健康利益（哈佛研究估計美國每年因化石燃料汙染產生的健康成本約 8,200 億美元）；(2) 地緣政治利益（降低對進口化石燃料的依賴，增強能源安全）。 |
| 54 | （開放作答，參考答案） | A major obstacle is energy storage. Solar and wind power are variable, meaning they produce energy only when the sun shines or the wind blows. Large-scale, cost-effective storage solutions are necessary to balance supply and demand. |
七、中譯英
| 題號 | 參考答案 | 評分要點 |
|---|---|---|
| 55 | In recent years, with the widespread use of social media, more and more young people have been sharing details of their daily lives online, but this has also increased their risk of being cyberbullied. | with the widespread use of 句型 1 分；現在完成進行式 have been sharing 1 分；risk of being cyberbullied 被動式 1 分；整體通順 1 分。 |
| 56 | Although artificial intelligence has brought revolutionary changes to many industries, experts warn that if it is not properly regulated, it may cause irreparable damage to the job market. | Although 讓步子句結構 1 分；if it is not properly regulated 被動式 1 分；irreparable damage 進階詞彙 1 分；整體通順 1 分。 |
中譯英扣分重點（Mock 4）
- 第 55 題：「生活點滴」若直譯為
life drops扣 1 分，正確為details of their daily lives- 第 55 題：「被網路霸凌」需用被動語態
being cyberbullied，寫cyberbullying（少 being，變成主動去霸凌別人）會造成語意偏差，扣 0.5-1 分- 第 56 題：
irreparable是高級詞彙，若寫cannot be repaired也可接受但扣 0.5 分；regulated若寫controlled或managed勉強可接受
級分換算對照表（Score-to-Grade Conversion）
| 原始分數 | 級分 | 程度說明 |
|---|---|---|
| 88-100 | 15 級分（頂標） | Mock 4 能拿到這個分數，英文實力已達明星大學外語系水準 |
| 79-87 | 14 級分（頂標） | 英文能力極為優異，對高難度題材駕馭自如 |
| 70-78 | 13 級分（前標） | 實力穩固，學測可輕鬆拿到高分 |
| 60-69 | 12 級分（前標） | 偏難題型中表現中上，真實學測可更上層樓 |
| 50-59 | 11 級分（均標） | 進階詞彙與複雜句型仍有進步空間 |
| 40-49 | 10 級分（均標） | 需補充進階單字與閱讀長文的能力 |
| 30-39 | 9 級分（後標） | 在高難度題型中暴露弱點，建議回頭補強基礎 |
| 0-29 | 1-8 級分（後標／底標） | 基礎薄弱，需從根本重新打底 |
威威老師總複習提醒
Mock 4 結束，你已經完成了四回模考，其中兩回偏難。現在是時候回顧一下你的進步軌跡：
- 追蹤你的弱項： 詞彙題、克漏字、文意選填、篇章結構、閱讀測驗 ── 這五大選擇題型中，你哪一個最常失分？把你錯的題目分類，找出 pattern。
- 閱讀速度 vs 正確率： Mock 3 和 Mock 4 的閱讀量較大，你做題時有沒有發現時間不夠？如果時間壓力讓你讀不完，請練習「掃讀技巧」（scanning）：先看題目 → 定位關鍵字 → 精讀定位處附近的句子。
- 作文的進步方向： 你的作文是不是還在用
I think...In my opinion...I believe...這種重複開頭？試著多樣化你的開頭句型。還有，寫完作文後一定要檢查「主詞動詞一致性」和「時態一致性」，這是作文最常見的扣分項目。模考的意義不是看到分數開心或難過，而是讓你清楚知道自己的弱點在哪裡，然後針對性地強化。四回下來，你應該已經比剛開始時強了不少！ 🎯
模擬試題 4 資訊
- 本試卷難度：偏難（進階詞彙量、學術性長文、多重論點交織的篇章結構）
- 建議配時：選擇題 60 分鐘 + 翻譯 15 分鐘 + 作文 25 分鐘
- 特色：題材涵蓋古代 DNA、注意力經濟學、Overton Window 政治理論、Rewilding 生態學、再生能源轉型
【Mock 4 完】